ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
Impact of IRS: Four-years of entomological surveillance of the Indian Visceral Leishmaniases elimination programme.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Research Priority Setting Exercises in Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Systematic Mapping Review.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Pooled it
- Decision-making for indoor residual spraying in the post-elimination phase of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem in Bangladesh: Lessons learned and questions remaining.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- Article
- Monitoring alpha-cypermethrin susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Effect of indoor residual spraying on sandfly abundance and incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in India, 2016-22: an interrupted time-series analysis and modelling study.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Knockdown resistance mutations in Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies in Bihar, India.Parasites & vectors · 2024Article
- Article
- Molecular surveillance of insecticide resistance in Phlebotomus argentipes targeted by indoor residual spraying for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Comparison of collection methods for Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies to use in a molecular xenomonitoring system for the surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Assessing insecticide susceptibility, diagnostic dose and time for the sand fly Phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in India, using the CDC bottle bioassay.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- A Composite Recombinant Salivary Proteins Biomarker for Phlebotomus argentipes Provides a Surveillance Tool Postelimination of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
31 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn 2005, Bangladesh, India and Nepal agreed to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis (VL) as a public health problem. The approach to this was through improved case detection and treatment, and controlling transmission by the sand fly vector Phlebotomus argentipes, with indoor residual spraying (IRS) of insecticide. Initially, India applied DDT with stirrup pumps for IRS, however, this did not reduce transmission. After 2015 onwards, the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin was applied with compression pumps, and entomological surveillance was initiated in 2016.
methodsEight sentinel sites were established in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. IRS coverage was monitored by household survey, quality of insecticide application was measured by HPLC, presence and abundance of the VL vector was monitored by CDC light traps, insecticide resistance was measured with WHO diagnostic assays and case incidence was determined from the VL case register KAMIS.
resultsComplete treatment of houses with IRS increased across all sites from 57% in 2016 to 70% of houses in 2019, rising to >80% if partial house IRS coverage is included (except West Bengal). The quality of insecticide application has improved compared to previous studies, average doses of insecticide on filters papers ranged from 1.52 times the target dose of 25mg/m2 alpha-cypermethrin in 2019 to 1.67 times in 2018. Resistance to DDT has continued to increase, but the vector was not resistant to carbamates, organophosphates or pyrethroids. The annual and seasonal abundance of P. argentipes declined between 2016 to 2019 with an overall infection rate of 0.03%. This was associated with a decline in VL incidence for the blocks represented by the sentinel sites from 1.16 per 10,000 population in 2016 to 0.51 per 10,000 in 2019.
conclusionThrough effective case detection and management reducing the infection reservoirs for P. argentipes in the human population combined with IRS keeping P. argentipes abundance and infectivity low has reduced VL transmission. This combination of effective case management and vector control has now brought India within reach of the VL elimination targets.
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