ArticleeLife2021
Galectin-9 regulates the threshold of B cell activation and autoimmunity.
Article in eLife, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatially resolved transcriptomics identifies intercellular signaling post-ischemic stroke that controls neural stem cell proliferation.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Modified citrus pectin modulates splenic immune responses and galectin expression following cisplatin treatment in Wistar rats.Journal of molecular histology · 2026Article
- Article
- Lymphocyte-derived cholinergic circuits modulate germinal center output and B cell activation.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Interferon signaling gene expression, and DNA methylation interactions in Sjögren's disease via mendelian randomization.iScience · 2026Article
- Integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics uncover SPP1⁺ and HLA-DRB5⁺ macrophages as key modulators of the immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer liver metastasis.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A Narrative Review on the Multifaceted Roles of Galectins in Host-Pathogen Interactions DuringInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Conserved spatial subtypes and cellular neighborhoods of cancer-associated fibroblasts revealed by single-cell spatial multi-omics.Cancer cell · 2025Article
- Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of immune and mesenchymal cell crosstalk in the developing enthesis.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Membrane organization by tetraspanins and galectins shapes lymphocyte function.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Suppression of B-Cell Activation by Human Cord Blood-Derived Stem Cells (CB-SCs) through the Galectin-9-Dependent Mechanism.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The regulating role of galectin-9 in immune cell populations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Both sides now: evolutionary traits of antigens and B cells in tolerance and activation.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Immune regulatory networks coordinated by glycans and glycan-binding proteins in autoimmunity and infection.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2023Review
- The role of galectins in immunity and infection.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Measuring the Co-Localization and Dynamics of Mobile Proteins in Live Cells Undergoing Signaling Responses.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Polygenic autoimmune disease risk alleles impacting B cell tolerance act in concert across shared molecular networks in mouse and in humans.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- The Role of B1 Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance, the mature B cell compartment contains cells reactive for self-antigen. How these cells are poised not to respond and the mechanisms that restrain B cell responses to low-affinity endogenous antigens are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate a critical role for the glycan-binding protein galectin-9 in setting the threshold of B cell activation and that loss of this regulatory network is sufficient to drive spontaneous autoimmunity. We further demonstrate a critical role for galectin-9 in restraining not only conventional B-2 B cells, but also innate-like B-1a cells. We show that galectin-9-deficient mice have an expanded population of B-1a cells and increased titers of B-1a-derived autoantibodies. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that galectin-9 regulates BCR and distinct TLR responses in B-1a cells, but not B-1b cells, by regulating the interaction between BCR and TLRs with the regulatory molecules CD5 and CD180, respectively. In the absence of galectin-9, B-1a cells are more readily activated and secrete increased titers of autoantibodies that facilitate autoantigen delivery to the spleen, driving autoimmune responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.