Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34368406›Full record

ArticleOptica2021

Quantitative 3D refractive index tomography of opaque samples in epi-mode.

Patrick Ledwig, Francisco E Robles

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Optica, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
38citing papers in PubMed
7.5field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

38 citing papers in PubMed, 92 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Intelligent Stain-Free Histology on Structural Colorimetric Nanocavities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
    Article
  3. Qualitative and quantitative assessment ofBiomedical optics express · 2026
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Patrick LedwigCoulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
Francisco E RoblesCoulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
Georgia Institute of Technology · US

Funding

Stimulated Raman scattering spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (SRS-SOCT) for label-free molecular imaging of brain tumor pathologyR21CA223853 · NCI · GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI ROBLES, FRANCISCO E · 2018 to 2020
$606k
In-line, Non-invasive, Real-time 3D Quantitative Phase Microscopy for OrganoidsR21NS117067 · NINDS · GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY · PI LU, HANG, ROBLES, FRANCISCO E · 2020 to 2020
$426k
NCI NIH HHS R21 CA223853NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS117067
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) refractive index (RI) tomography has recently become an exciting new tool for biological studies. However, its limitation to (1) thin samples resulting from a need of transmissive illumination and (2) small fields of view (typically ~50 μm × 50 μm) has hindered its utility in broader biomedical applications. In this work, we demonstrate 3D RI tomography with a large field of view in opaque, arbitrarily thick scattering samples (unsuitable for imaging with conventional transmissive tomographic techniques) with a penetration depth of ca. one mean free scattering path length (~100 μm in tissue) using a simple, low-cost microscope system with epi-illumination. This approach leverages a solution to the inverse scattering problem via the general non-paraxial 3D optical transfer function of our quantitative oblique back-illumination microscopy (qOBM) optical system. A theoretical analysis is presented along with simulations and experimental validations using polystyrene beads, and rat and human thick brain tissues. This work has significant implications for the investigation of optically thick, semi-infinite samples in a non-invasive and label-free manner. This unique 3D qOBM approach can extend the utility of 3D RI tomography for translational and clinical medicine.

Identifiers

PMID34368406
PMCPMC8341081
OpenAlexW3103629848

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.