ArticleFrontiers in cell and developmental biology2021
Extracellular Vesicles From the Human Natural Killer Cell Line NK3.3 Have Broad and Potent Anti-Tumor Activity.
Article in Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Promising Immunotherapeutic Strategy for Cancer: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Engineered Natural Killer Cell Derived-Extracellular Vesicles: An Acellular Immunotherapy with Cytotoxic Effects in SNU-1079 Human Cholangiocarcinoma Cells.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Choosing the Right Extracellular Vesicle: Cross-Kingdom Immunological Functions Linking Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Exhibit Cytotoxicity Against Bulk Tumor Cells and Cancer Stem Cells in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- AS1411-Bivalent-Cholesterol-Anchor Equipped with Zinc Phthalocya-Nine Enables NK Cells Derived Exosomes to Realize Effective Tumor-Tropism Photodynamic Therapy.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Physical Changes of Biomacromolecules upon Covalent Surface Immobilization.Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2026Article
- A multidimensional landscape of extracellular vesicle-mediated tumor drug resistance: mechanisms, biomarkers, engineered drug delivery, and clinical translation.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Crosstalk between Extracellular Vesicles and the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities.Oncology research · 2026Review
- NK-derived exosomes in anti-tumor strategies.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Anti-Her2 CAR-NK92 Cells and Their Exosomes: Generation, Characterization, and Selective Cytotoxicity Against Her2-Positive Tumor Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Influence of Different Serum-Free Culture Conditions on the Production and Function of Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles.Journal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Natural killer cell-based cancer immunotherapy: from basics to clinical trials.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2024Review
- Exploring the potential of the convergence between extracellular vesicles and CAR technology as a novel immunotherapy approach.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Review
- Therapeutic effect of small extracellular vesicles from cytokine-induced memory-like natural killer cells on solid tumors.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of resazurin phenoxazine dye as a highly sensitive cell viability potency assay for natural killer cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based cancer biotherapeutics.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Article
- Y-box binding protein 1 in small extracellular vesicles reduces mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts-implications for acute myeloid leukaemia.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
- Combined Role of Interleukin-15 Stimulated Natural Killer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Carboplatin in Osimertinib-Resistant H1975 Lung Cancer Cells with EGFR Mutations.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Exosomal noncoding RNAs: decoding their role in thyroid cancer progression.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- Master regulator: p53's pivotal role in steering NK-cell tumor patrol.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Antitumor Immunity: Role of NK Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical mediators of immune function, responsible for rapid destruction of tumor cells. They kill primarily through the release of granules containing potent cytolytic molecules. NK cells also release these molecules within membrane-bound exosomes and microvesicles - collectively known as extracellular vesicles (EV). Here we report the characterization and anti-tumor function of EVs isolated from NK3.3 cells, a well described clonal normal human NK cell line. We show that NK3.3 EVs contain the cytolytic molecules perforin, granzymes A and B, and granulysin, and an array of common EV proteins. We previously reported that the E3 ubiquitin ligase, natural killer lytic-associated molecule (NKLAM), is localized to NK granules and is essential for maximal NK killing; here we show it is present in the membrane of NK3.3 EVs. NK3.3-derived EVs also carry multiple RNA species, including miRNAs associated with anti-tumor activity. We demonstrate that NK3.3 EVs inhibit proliferation and induce caspase-mediated apoptosis and cell death of an array of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tumor cell lines. This effect is tumor cell specific; normal cells are unaffected by EV treatment. By virtue of their derivation from a healthy donor and ability to be expanded to large numbers, NK3.3 EVs have the potential to be an effective, safe, and universal immunotherapeutic agent.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.