ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Sexual Dimorphism and Gender in Infectious Diseases.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 94 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
94 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 155 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling the underestimated prevalence of HIV, HBV and TB triple infection in Asia, South America, and Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Female Sex and Mortality in Patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA network open · 2024Pooled it
- Mumps disease and vaccination in Africa: A scoping review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Substance P and NK-1R in Dengue: A First Serological Investigation.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Microbiologic Patterns Found in Periprosthetic Joint Infections Following Total Joint Arthroplasty Differ Across Race and Sex.Arthroplasty today · 2026Article
- Special Issue: Does latent Toxoplasma infection mimic the immune profile of schizophrenia? Sex-specific cytokine and brain-marker alterations suggest partial overlap.Folia parasitologica · 2026Article
- Psoriasis Triggers and Disease Activity: Analysis of Survey Data from the PSODEEP1 Study.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2026Article
- Unveiling the role of sex as a predictor for KPC-Klebsiella pneumoniae and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacteremia in critically Ill colonized patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- CD4Nature communications · 2026Article
- Age-related sex differences in intensive care treatment and outcomes: a nationwide cohort study.British journal of anaesthesia · 2026Article
- Transcriptional mechanisms of sex-biased gene expression and their connections to disease-associated variation.Human molecular genetics · 2026Article
- Sexual dimorphism in keratoconus: transcriptomic and hormonal mechanisms underlying stromal remodelling.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2026Article
- Understanding the effect of estrogen on B cells: implications for immune health and autoimmunity.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Review
- Occult hepatitis B virus infection among hepatitis B surface antigen negative vaccinated healthcare workers in East Gojjam zone hospitals.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sex differences in innate immune cell responses: Impact on cancer immunity and response to therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics analysis of pertussis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Development of immortalized Callithrix jacchus kidney cell lines supporting infection with a panel of viruses.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of neglected tropical diseases and malaria in the general population, 1990-2021: Systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Review
34 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Epidemiological studies and clinical observations show evidence of sexual dimorphism in infectious diseases. Women are at less risk than men when it comes to developing most infectious diseases. However, understanding these observations requires a gender approach that takes into account an analysis of both biological and social factors. The host's response to infection differs in males and females because sex differences have an impact on hormonal and chromosomal control of immunity. Estradiol appears to confer protective immunity, while progesterone and testosterone suppress anti-infectious responses. In addition, genetic factors, including those associated with sex chromosomes, also affect susceptibility to infections. Finally, differences in occupational activities, lifestyle, and comorbidities play major roles in exposure to pathogens and management of diseases. Hence, considering sexual dimorphism as a critical variable for infectious diseases should be one of the steps taken toward developing personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.