ArticleAIDS (London, England)2021
Plasma galectin-9 as a predictor of adverse non-AIDS events in persons with chronic HIV during suppressive antiretroviral therapy.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory Biomarkers Predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2026Pooled it
- Altered distribution of tissue galectins correlates with mucosal dysregulation in SIV infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- HIV-driven tumor ecosystem: from chronic immune dysfunction to cancer evolution.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Immune Dysregulation in Ischemic Heart Disease Among Individuals with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.Heart failure clinics · 2025Review
- Aging and HIV: Recent Findings in Contributing Factors.AIDS research and treatment · 2025Review
- Galectin-3, Galectin-9, and Interleukin-18 Are Associated with Monocyte/Macrophage Activation and Turnover More so than Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Cardiac Pathology or Encephalitis.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2024Article
- Plasma galectin-9 relates to cognitive performance and inflammation among adolescents with vertically acquired HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2024Article
- Article
- Comprehensive analysis of hypoxia-related genes in diagnosis and immune infiltration in acute myocardial infarction: based on bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing data.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2024Article
- Plasma galectin-9 levels correlate with blood monocyte turnover and predict simian/human immunodeficiency virus disease progression.Translational medicine communications · 2024Article
- Antiretroviral Treatment-Induced Galectin-9 Might Impact HIV Viremia in Addition to Contributing to Inflammaging.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with AIDS co-develop cardiovascular pathology and encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPeople with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) still experience an increased risk of morbidity and mortality, presumably driven by chronic inflammation, yet predictors of discrete or combinatorial outcomes remain unclear. Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a driver of both inflammatory and immunosuppressive responses, has been associated with HIV disease progression and multimorbidity.
objectiveTo determine whether plasma Gal-9 levels are associated with the occurrence of specific non-AIDS events (NAEs) in PWH initiating ART.
designWe performed a nested case-control study of PWH enrolled from 2001 to 2009 and evaluated pre-ART (66 cases, 97 controls), a year post-ART (112 cases, 211 controls), and immediately preceding an event (89 cases, 162 controls). Events included myocardial infarction/stroke, malignancy, serious bacterial infection, or death.
methodsPlasma Gal-9 levels were assessed by ELISA. Conditional logistic regression assessed associations with NAEs and Spearman's correlations compared Gal-9 with other previously assessed biomarkers.
resultsNAEs occurred at a median of 2.8 years (1.7-4.6) after ART initiation. Higher Gal-9 levels were associated with increased risk of NAEs at year 1 and preevent [odds ratio (OR) per 1 interquartile range = 1.4-1.6; all P < 0.05], specifically myocardial infarction/stroke at year 1 (OR = 1.9; P = 0.029). Gal-9 also correlated with multiple inflammatory and immune activation predictors of NAEs (all timepoints).
conclusionElevated Gal-9 levels are predictive of deleterious NAEs, particularly cardiovascular complications. Whether the Gal-9 pathway, potentially binding to its putative ligands, is active in the pathogenesis of these outcomes warrants further investigation to determine if targeting Gal-9 may slow or reverse the risk of NAEs.
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