ArticleAmerican journal of preventive medicine2021
Cardiovascular Disease in a Population-Based Sample of Transgender and Cisgender Adults.
Article in American journal of preventive medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Minority stress in relation to biological outcomes among sexual and gender minority people: a systematic review and update.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Getting old in the desired gender: a systematic review on aging diseases in transgender people.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2024Pooled it
- Cardiometabolic diseases in transgender populations.Cardiovascular diabetology. Endocrinology reports · 2026Review
- Transgender Health and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Future Directions for Research.Journal of general internal medicine · 2026Article
- Insulin Sensitivity and Associated Plasma Proteomics During Sex Hormone Therapy.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Observational
- The interplay between thrombosis, stress, and social risk factors in trans persons on gender affirming hormone therapy.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- Assessing Minority Stress and Physiological Response Through Ecological Momentary Assessment and Sensors: Protocol for a Feasibility and Acceptability of the Stress and Heart Pilot Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Forms of transphobia and their influence on health outcomes among transgender, nonbinary, and gender diverse individuals: a global systematic review.International journal of transgender health · 2025Article
- Material hardship and use of social safety net programs among LGBT adults and their families.Analyses of social issues and public policy : ASAP · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Anti-Transgender Experiences (A Proxy for Minority Stress) and Heavy Alcohol Use Among Transgender Adults.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Participation, barriers, facilitators and bullying experiences of trans people in sport and fitness: findings from a national community survey of trans people in Australia.British journal of sports medicine · 2024Article
- Transgender Women With Suppressed Testosterone Display Lower Burden of Coronary Disease Than Matched Cisgender Men.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- Differences in cardiovascular risk factors associated with sex and gender identity, but not gender expression, in young, healthy cisgender adults.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- Considerations for collecting and analyzing longitudinal data in observational cohort studies of transgender, non-binary, and gender diverse people.International journal of transgender health · 2024Article
- Transgender-related stigma and gender minority stress-related health disparities in Aotearoa New Zealand: hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, and general health.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2023Article
- LGBTQI+ representation in pre-licensure nursing textbooks: A qualitative descriptive analysis.Nurse education today · 2023Article
- Assessing and Addressing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism Across the Spectrum of Gender Affirming Care: A Review.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2023Review
- Cardiac Transplantation for Transgender Patients: It's Time to Implement Changes in Our Health Care Practice.JACC. Case reports · 2022Article
- Hypertension risk in sexual and gender minority individuals.Expert review of cardiovascular therapy · 2022Article
- Menopause, androgens, and cardiovascular ageing: a narrative review.Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionExisting data on cardiovascular disease among transgender people are inconsistent and are derived from nonrepresentative samples or population-based data sets that do not include transgender-specific risk factors such as gender-affirming hormone use and gender minority stressors. A nationally representative sample of cisgender and transgender adults aged ≥40 years was used to assess the prevalence and correlates of smoking, select cardiovascular disease conditions, and venous thromboembolism.
methodsParticipants were recruited from 2016 to 2018, with analysis conducted in December 2020 with 114 transgender and 964 cisgender individuals. Sample weights and multiple imputations were used for all estimates except for descriptive statistics. Logistic regression models estimated the ORs and 95% CIs expressing the relationship between each outcome variable and a set of independent variables. Each model controlled for race and age.
resultsNo meaningful differences between cisgender and transgender participants were found in smoking or cardiovascular disease conditions. However, there was an increased odds of venous thromboembolism among transgender women compared with those among cisgender women. Transgender people had greater odds of discrimination, psychological distress, and adverse childhood experiences. These stressors were associated with increased odds of a cardiovascular condition, and everyday discrimination and adverse childhood experiences were associated with increased odds of smoking. Discrimination and psychological distress were associated with venous thromboembolism.
conclusionsTransgender people face disparities in cardiovascular disease risk. This study provides support for the gender minority stress model as a framework for understanding cardiovascular disease disparities. Future research with larger samples and adjudicated outcomes is needed to advance the field.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.