ArticleThe lancet. Psychiatry2021
COVID-19 hospitalisation, mortality, vaccination, and postvaccination trends among people with schizophrenia in Israel: a longitudinal cohort study.
Article in The lancet. Psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 44 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Profiling Vulnerability and Resilience for Mental Illness Following Viral Infections: Translating Epidemiology to Deep-phenotyping
Profiling Vulnerability and Resilience for Mental Illness Following Viral Infections: Translating Epidemiology to Deep-phenotyping.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Access and use of general and mental health services before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Joint European policy on the COVID-19 risks for people with mental disorders: An umbrella review and evidence- and consensus-based recommendations for mental and public health.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2022Pooled it
- Hospitalisation and mortality outcomes after second COVID-19 vaccination among Australians living with severe mental illness: Findings from a matched case-control study using national data linkage.The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry · 2026Observational
- Assessing Adherence to Preventive Behaviors Among Patients with Mental Illness in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Mortality Risks in Patients With Schizophrenia in Shanghai: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of Sinovac vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 (CoronaVac) in reducing in-hospital mortality in individuals with COVID-19 and schizophrenia: a retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Long term outcomes after COVID-19 in patients with schizophrenia: a historical cohort study in a health maintenance organization.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Motivational Interviewing for Vaccine Uptake in Latinx Adults (MI Vacuna): Study protocol for a pragmatic multiple-period cluster-randomized crossover trial.Contemporary clinical trials · 2025Article
- Exploring barriers to the COVID-19 vaccine in people with psychoses in Western Australia.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Influenza, pneumococcal, and COVID-19 vaccination coverage and hesitancy in adults with psychiatric disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Predictors of the Fear of COVID-19 in Individuals with Schizophrenia: a Prospective Study.International journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Associations Between Psychosocial Influence, Positive Thinking, and Vaccine Attitudes in Patients with Schizophrenia During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Psychology research and behavior management · 2025Article
- Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychiatric Service Use Among Psychiatric Outpatients.Turk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry · 2025Article
- Mental illness and COVID-19 vaccination: a multinational investigation of observational & register-based data.Nature communications · 2024Observational
- Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in People with Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Article
- Anti-spike antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2024Article
- COVID-19-associated mortality in individuals with serious mental disorders in Sweden during the first two years of the pandemic- a population-based register study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Mental health and risk of death and hospitalization in COVID-19 patients. Results from a large-scale population-based study in Spain.PloS one · 2024Article
- Effects of Beliefs, Conspiracy Theories, and Vaccine Hesitancy on the Vaccination Status of Patients with Severe Mental Illness in a Tertiary Psychiatric Care Hospital in Türkiye.Psychiatry and clinical psychopharmacology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIndividuals with schizophrenia have an increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes, nonetheless, no previous study has provided a year-long account of this risk, or assessed postvaccination trends in this population. This study assessed temporal trends in COVID-19 hospitalisation and mortality among people with schizophrenia during the first year of the pandemic, the predictors for COVID-19 vaccination, postvaccination infection, admission to hospital, and mortality.
methodsIn this longitudinal cohort study, people with schizophrenia (n=25 539) and controls (n=25 539) were assessed for COVID-19 outcomes before and after vaccination, up to April 30, 2021. Cox proportional hazard regression models and Kaplan-Meier analyses were done to assess longitudinal trends. The study used the databases of Clalit Health Services, the largest health-care organisation in Israel.
findingsThe sample included 51 078 participants, of which 31 141 (61·0%) male and 19 937 (39·0%) female participants, with a mean age of 51·94 years (SD 15·62). Most of the sample was from the general Jewish population (75·9%), followed by the Arab (19·1%) and Jewish Ultraorthodox population (5·1%). Overall of 51 078 individuals, 356 (0·7%) people had been hospitalised, 133 (0·3%) had died, and a total of 27 400 (53·6%) had been vaccinated. People with schizophrenia showed a higher risk for COVID-19 hospitalisation (HR 4·81, 95% CI 3·57-6·48, p<0·0001) and mortality (HR 2·52, 95% CI 1·64-3·85, p<0·0001), and showed a sharper decline in survival as time progressed. The control group showed a sharper incline in probability to vaccinate (log-rank=309·88, p<0·0001). Medical comorbidity of diabetes, hypertension, obesity, or ischaemic heart disease played a significant role in predicting vaccination rates in the schizophrenia group (all p<0·0001), but not in the control group. Hospitalisation and mortality disparities remained higher among people with schizophrenia who had not been vaccinated in comparison to controls (incidence rate difference of 6·2 and 3·2, respectively) but substantially declined in fully vaccinated groups (incidence rate difference of 1·1 and -0·9, respectively).
interpretationPeople with schizophrenia have higher hospitalisation and mortality risk, yet have lower rates of vaccination than in the general population. Disparities in COVID-19 severe outcomes can be substantially reduced by national vaccination plans aimed at actively reaching out to people with schizophrenia.
fundingNo funding.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.