Observational studyBritish journal of cancer2021
Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and endometrial cancer risk: observational and Mendelian randomization analyses.
Observational study in British journal of cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identifying molecular mediators of the relationship between body mass index and endometrial cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization analysis.BMC medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Immunohistochemical evaluation of androgen receptor expression in endometrial carcinoma and its clinicopathological significance.Diagnostic pathology · 2026Article
- Approach to the patient: investigation of postmenopausal androgen excess.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- The Intersection of Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women.Current cardiology reports · 2026Review
- PCOS Serum Promotes Endometrial Cancer Cell Proliferation with Partial Involvement of IGF-Associated AKT/mTOR Signaling: A Pilot Translational Study with Exploratory Molecular Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Causal effects of blood and urinary biomarkers on cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Observational
- Biomaterial-enabled multimodal therapy for endometrial cancer: Subtype-guided immuno-metabolic modulation and fertility-conscious regeneration.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Association Between Educational Attainment and the Risk of Gynecological Malignancies: A Mediation Mendelian Randomization Study.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- The clinical impact of androgens in endometrial cancer: cancer promoter or suppressor?Endocrine oncology (Bristol, England) · 2026Article
- The Role of "Metabolic Instability" as a New Risk Criterion in the Pathogenesis of Endometrial Cancer.Cancers · 2025Review
- The Effect of Circulating Proteins and Their Role in Mediating Adiposity's Effect on Endometrial Cancer Risk: Mendelian Randomization and Colocalization Analyses.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Incidence of gynaecological (pre-)malignancies and endometrial activity in transmasculine and gender diverse individuals using testosterone: a retrospective, single-centre cohort study.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- New Insights in the Diagnostic Potential of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)-Clinical Approach.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Investigating causal relationships of blood and urine biomarkers with urological cancer risks: a mendelian randomization study and colocalization analyses.Journal of Cancer · 2025Article
- Causal Link Between Thyroid Function and Female-Specific Cancers: A Bidirectional Two-Sample and Mediation Mendelian Randomization Study.International journal of women's health · 2025Article
- Causal Relationships Between Pregnancy, Menstrual History, and Endometrial Cancer With Mediating Effects of Metabolism-Related Traits.Human mutation · 2025Article
- Identifying causal relationships between 35 blood and urine biomarkers and urologic cancers: MR-meta combined with Bayesian colocalization Mendelian randomization analysis.Discover oncology · 2024Article
- Article
- Postmenopausal onset of androgen excess: a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm based on extensive clinical experience.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2024Observational
- Multi-trait genome-wide association study identifies a novel endometrial cancer risk locus that associates with testosterone levels.iScience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDysregulation of endocrine pathways related to steroid and growth hormones may modify endometrial cancer risk; however, prospective data on testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 are limited. To elucidate the role of these hormones in endometrial cancer risk we conducted complementary observational and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.
methodsThe observational analyses included 159,702 women (80% postmenopausal) enrolled in the UK Biobank. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. For MR analyses, genetic variants associated with hormone levels were identified and their association with endometrial cancer (12,906 cases/108,979 controls) was examined using two-sample MR.
resultsIn the observational analysis, higher circulating concentrations of total (HR per unit inverse normal scale = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.22-1.57) and free testosterone (HR per unit log scale = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.66-2.58) were associated with higher endometrial cancer risk. An inverse association was found for SHBG (HR per unit inverse normal scale = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.67-0.86). Results for testosterone and SHBG were supported by the MR analyses. No association was found between genetically predicted IGF-1 concentration and endometrial cancer risk.
conclusionsOur results support probable causal associations between circulating concentrations of testosterone and SHBG with endometrial cancer risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.