ArticleThe British journal of ophthalmology2023
Five-year change in refractive error and its risk factors: results from the Gutenberg Health Study.
Article in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spontaneous refractive error, ocular biometry and age related lens changes in a population of geriatric rhesus macaques.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Bi-Gaussian analysis reveals distinct education-related alterations in spherical equivalent and axial length-results from the Gutenberg Health Study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
aimsTo examine the 5-year change in refractive error in phakic eyes and its risk factors in the general population.
methodsThe Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based cohort study including 15 010 participants from Germany aged 35-74 years at baseline examination (2007-2012). After 5 years, a follow-up examination was carried out (83% participation). 5-year change of spherical equivalent (SE) was computed as difference between follow-up and baseline objective refraction. Linear and logistic regression analysis were conducted analysing potential risk factors. Only phakic eyes at follow-up examination were included.
resultsRight eyes of 10 175 subjects were included. An age-related shift of refractive error was identified, namely -0.12 D for age 35-44 years, 0.25 D for age 45-54 years, 0.25 D for age 55-64 years and 0.12 D for age 65-74 years during the 5-year follow-up. Smokers had a hyperopic shift (OR=1.31; p<0.001), while baseline SE (OR=0.89 per dioptre; p<0.001) and female sex (OR=1.49; p<0.001) were linked with a myopic shift. Education, occupation and other cardiovascular parameters were not associated with change in refractive error.
conclusionsThe GHS demonstrates a parabolic shift in refractive error with a myopic shift at age 35-44 years, followed by a hyperopic shift at age 45-64 years which decreases at higher age. Smoking is associated with a hyperopic shift whereas female sex and myopic baseline SE is associated with a myopic shift. Educational level and occupation were not linked to a change in refractive error at age 35-74 years.
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