ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deep learning for automated diagnosis and differentiation of otitis media on temporal bone CT.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Saxifraga stolonifera curtis for ear inflammation: antibacterial efficacy and key bioactive constituents.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Article
- Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation promotes recovery from otitis media by activating the α7nAChR-mediated anti-inflammatory pathway.Inflammation and regeneration · 2026Article
- The Importance of Ear Canal Microbiota and Earwax in the Prevention of Outer Ear Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Pattern recognition receptor signaling in otitis media: immune crosstalk and pathogenic mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Exploring the role of gut probiotic metabolites in the prevention and treatment of otitis media.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Establishment of novel immortalized middle ear cell lines as models for otitis media.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2023Article
- Effect of Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Diesel Exhaust Particles Inhalation in Mouse Model of LPS Induced Acute Otitis Media.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Immunomodulation as a Protective Strategy in Chronic Otitis Media.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1-10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.