ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
The Impact of Foot Orthoses and Exercises on Pain and Navicular Drop for Adult Flatfoot: A Network Meta-Analysis.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06034600 (Effect of Augmented Low-dye Taping and Exercise on Plantar Pressure, Navicular Drop and Foot Posture in Pes Planus), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Augmented Low-dye Taping and Exercise on Plantar Pressure, Navicular Drop and Foot Posture in Pes Planus
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of foot orthoses on balance among individuals with flatfoot: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- The combined effect of short foot exercises and orthosis in symptomatic flexible flatfoot: a randomized controlled trial.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2023Trial
- Foot arch morphology and lower-limb biomechanical characteristics in university students: a cross-sectional multifactorial analysis of 1,078 participants.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Influence of foot orthoses on bone alignment parameters of the foot: a cadaveric weight-bearing CT study.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2025Article
- Efficacy of Functional Re-Education as a Treatment for Infantile Flexible Flatfoot: Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- A Short-Term Evaluation of Foot Pronation Tendency in Healthy Recreational Runners.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAdult flatfoot leads to injury and decreased quality of life. The most widely applied noninvasive approaches are wearing foot orthoses or exercising. Both interventions raise controversy about reducing pain and neutralizing foot posture. This study investigated the impact of foot orthoses and exercise on pain and navicular drop (present for foot posture).
methodsFour databases were used: MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane, from the earliest records to November 2020. Randomized controlled studies focused on adult flatfoot that evaluated the effect of exercise and foot orthoses on pain and navicular drop were extracted. We used data analysis to estimate the relative effect of heterogeneity using
resultsTen studies were identified through to November 2020. Active interventions (AIs) were exercise and exercise combined with foot orthoses; passive interventions (PIs) were foot orthoses and added stretching. Both AIs and PIs decreased pain significantly (SMD -0.94, 95% CI -1.35, -0.54 and SMD -1.4, 95% CI -1.87, -0.92). The AIs reduced pain level better than PIs. Controversially, no treatment was found to affect navicular drop.
conclusionBoth exercise and foot orthoses can reduce pain but not realign foot posture. Exercise alone or combined with foot orthoses showed a better effect on adult flatfoot than only wearing foot orthoses. Active intervention was shown to have better efficacy in reducing pain than passive intervention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.