ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Predictors of Vaccine Hesitancy: Implications for COVID-19 Public Health Messaging.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 138 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Media Exposure and Its Association With Vaccine Attitudes, Intentions, and Hesitancy: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Seatbelts and raincoats, or banks and castles: Investigating the impact of vaccine metaphors.PloS one · 2024Trial
- Review
- Review
- AI Meets Attitudes: Cross-Sectional Quantitative Study of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Alaska's Diverse Communities.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- The role of institutional trust in shaping the relationship between vaccine concerns and ongoing COVID-19 vaccination in a US national cohort.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study Examining Vaccine Uptake and Attitudes Among Parents Compared to Other Adults.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2026Article
- Perceptions of parents with children six or younger on adhering to the well-child care visit schedule.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Factors influencing attitudes toward vaccination in general and against COVID-19 among family medicine patients with and without chronic disease in Croatia.Central European journal of public health · 2026Article
- Impact of Vaccination-Differentiated Public Health and Social Measures on Vaccine Uptake Among the Vaccine Hesitant.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- Adherence to mask wearing and social distancing and use of lateral flow tests during the COVID19 pandemic in England and Wales based on the virus watch community cohort study.Discover public health · 2026Article
- COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Chinese residents: A national cross-sectional survey in the community setting.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Factors associated with parents' hesitancy to vaccinate their children against COVID-19: The moderator role of parental anxiety.Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- Article
- Determinants of Patient Satisfaction With Telemental Health Services in Germany: Representative Cross-Sectional Postpandemic Survey Study.JMIR mental health · 2025Article
- Spatial multilevel analysis of individual, household, and community factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Dominican Republic.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Trust in official information as a key predictor of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance: evidence from a Czech longitudinal survey study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Challenges with achieving and maintaining oral cholera vaccine coverage: insights from serial cross-sectional representative surveys in a cholera-endemic community in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Associations between COVID-19 therapies and outcomes in rural and urban America: A multisite, temporal analysis from the Alpha to Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesSuccessful immunization programs require strategic communication to increase confidence among individuals who are vaccine-hesitant. This paper reviews research on determinants of vaccine hesitancy with the objective of informing public health responses to COVID-19.
methodA literature review was conducted using a broad search strategy. Articles were included if they were published in English and relevant to the topic of demographic and individual factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Demographic determinants of vaccine hesitancy that emerged in the literature review were age, income, educational attainment, health literacy, rurality, and parental status. Individual difference factors included mistrust in authority, disgust sensitivity, and risk aversion.
conclusionMeeting target immunization rates will require robust public health campaigns that speak to individuals who are vaccine-hesitant in their attitudes and behaviours. Based on the assortment of demographic and individual difference factors that contribute to vaccine hesitancy, public health communications must pursue a range of strategies to increase public confidence in available COVID-19 vaccines.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.