ReviewCells2021
Sex-Specific Differences in Glioblastoma.
Review in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 183 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Interferon Type I Adjuvant Therapy on the Lifespan and Complications of Glioma Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Pooled it
- Age and sex disparities in Latin-American adults with gliomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- Breaking adaptive oncogenic resistance in glioblastoma via targeting the EGFR-STAT3 axis.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Review
- AI-bioinformatics synergy for precision medicine in brain diseases: integrating radiomics and multi-omics data.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Review
- Crosslink Between Neuroinflammation and Oxidative/Nitrosative Status in the Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment: Prognostic and Theranostic Impact.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- Raloxifene suppresses growth and promotes intrinsic apoptotic signaling in C6 glioma cells.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Large-scale automated detection reveals pervasive sex imbalance in biomedical research.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Patient-derived glioblastoma cultures preserve respiration phenotypes during ex vivo maintenance and show sex-associated differences in migration.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Gene regulatory network analysis identifies dysregulation of hypoxia pathways as contributing to glioblastoma treatment resistance in females.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Modeling blood-brain barrier-glioblastoma interactions: implications for chemoresistance and therapeutic targeting.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Review
- Effects of Glioblastoma Resection on Cognitive Function and Affective Symptoms at Three-Month Follow-Up.Brain and behavior · 2026Observational
- Tumor-associated macrophages promote ferroptosis resistance in glioblastoma by stimulating iron-loaded extracellular vesicle release.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- Androgen receptor expression in glioblastoma: molecular profiling and association with tumor burden.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Assessment of the Type and Degree of Genomic Instability in Gliomas.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Childhood cancer risk in offspring of mothers occupationally exposed to hydrocarbon solvents.European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) · 2026Article
- Machine Learning-Based Prognosis Prediction in Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients by Integrating Clinical Data with Multimodal Radiomics.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gene regulatory network analysis identifies dysregulation of hypoxia pathways as contributing to glioblastoma multiforme treatment resistance in females.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The dynamic myeloid-enriched microenvironment of glioblastoma: a major challenge to immunotherapy efficacy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Before hormones: early sex-specific mechanisms shaping nervous system development, function, and postnatal disease susceptibility.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Sex differences have been well identified in many brain tumors. Even though glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults and has the worst outcome, well-established differences between men and women are limited to incidence and outcome. Little is known about sex differences in GBM at the disease phenotype and genetical/molecular level. This review focuses on a deep understanding of the pathophysiology of GBM, including hormones, metabolic pathways, the immune system, and molecular changes, along with differences between men and women and how these dimorphisms affect disease outcome. The information analyzed in this review shows a greater incidence and worse outcome in male patients with GBM compared with female patients. We highlight the protective role of estrogen and the upregulation of androgen receptors and testosterone having detrimental effects on GBM. Moreover, hormones and the immune system work in synergy to directly affect the GBM microenvironment. Genetic and molecular differences have also recently been identified. Specific genes and molecular pathways, either upregulated or downregulated depending on sex, could potentially directly dictate GBM outcome differences. It appears that sexual dimorphism in GBM affects patient outcome and requires an individualized approach to management considering the sex of the patient, especially in relation to differences at the molecular level.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.