ReviewCells2021
Butyrate and the Intestinal Epithelium: Modulation of Proliferation and Inflammation in Homeostasis and Disease.
Review in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 331 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
331 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 452 citations in OpenAlex.
- Specific alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolome across disease locations of Crohn's disease: a systematic review.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Nutraceuticals for the management of weight and inflammation-related complications in obesity: a pediatric perspective. Systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Short-chain fatty acids in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Systematic review and meta-analysis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Quantitative Alterations in Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Biomolecules · 2025Pooled it
- The gut microbiota as a regulator of intestinal stem-cell fate: bacterial and fungal control of differentiation and regeneration.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Intestinal gases as markers to study the diet-gut microbiota-host metabolism axis in humans and their relationship to metabolic health.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
- Short-chain fatty acids act as metabolic and epigenetic regulators in CAR T cell therapy.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Review
- Targeting epithelial IFN-I signaling restores barrier integrity in anti-TNF refractory Crohn's disease.Journal of Crohn's & colitis · 2026Article
- The Gut Microbiome as a Mechanistic Link Between the Planetary Health Diet and Healthy Aging.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Microbial Signals in Cancer: Dissecting Host-Microbiota-Tumor Interactions and Potential Therapeutic Strategy.MedComm · 2026Review
- Causal Effects of Oral Microbiome, Circulating Metabolites, and Inflammatory Proteins on Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Oral health & preventive dentistry · 2026Article
- The gut-heart axis in cardio-oncology.Cardiovascular research · 2026Review
- Hempseed-based diets supplemented with carbohydrase and butyric acid for broiler chickens.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone supplementation improves productive performance, immunity, and intestinal health in late-phase Jingfen No. 6 laying hens.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Article
- Effects of Dietary Schizochytrium species powder on Broiler Growth Performance, Blood Parameters, and Gut Microbiota.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Fermentation-Derived Metabolites Shape Host Biology to Attenuate Severity of Inflammatory and Metabolic Disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
271 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The microbial metabolite butyrate serves as a link between the intestinal microbiome and epithelium. The monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and SMCT1 are the predominant means of butyrate transport from the intestinal lumen to epithelial cytoplasm, where the molecule undergoes rapid β-oxidation to generate cellular fuel. However, not all epithelial cells metabolize butyrate equally. Undifferentiated colonocytes, including neoplastic cells and intestinal stem cells at the epithelial crypt base preferentially utilize glucose over butyrate for cellular fuel. This divergent metabolic conditioning is central to the phenomenon known as "butyrate paradox", in which butyrate induces contradictory effects on epithelial proliferation in undifferentiated and differentiated colonocytes. There is evidence that accumulation of butyrate in epithelial cells results in histone modification and altered transcriptional activation that halts cell cycle progression. This manifests in the apparent protective effect of butyrate against colonic neoplasia. A corollary to this process is butyrate-induced inhibition of intestinal stem cells. Yet, emerging research has illustrated that the evolution of the crypt, along with butyrate-producing bacteria in the intestine, serve to protect crypt base stem cells from butyrate's anti-proliferative effects. Butyrate also regulates epithelial inflammation and tolerance to antigens, through production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells. The role of butyrate in the pathogenesis and treatment of intestinal neoplasia, inflammatory bowel disease and malabsorptive states is evolving, and holds promise for the potential translation of butyrate's cellular function into clinical therapies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.