ReviewCancers2021
The Role of Chronic Inflammation in the Development of Breast Cancer.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 155 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between neighborhood socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence and mortality risk: a large-scale cohort studies systematic review and meta-analysis.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of ketogenic diets on cancer patient outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Risk factors for breast cancer: an umbrella review of observational cohort studies and causal relationship analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- The risk of thyroid cancer and sex differences in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Beyond the breast: systemic autoimmune and malignancy associations in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis.International journal of women's dermatology · 2026Article
- HisToSpatialCNV: an interpretable deep learning method predicting spatial copy number variations from histopathology images.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Localized Intratumoral Ammonium Hydroxide Administration Demonstrates Changes in Tumor Architecture and Renal Response in a Murine Breast Cancer Xenograft Model.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Programmed cell death and metastatic evolution in breast cancer: the role of anoikis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2026Review
- Article
- Investigating the role of inflammatory bowel disease-associated gene expression in oral cancer using single-cell RNA sequencing.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- A Literature Review of Interleukins in the Development and Treatment of Breast Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Prognostic utility of systemic immune-inflammation markers in locally advanced cervical cancer undergoing radical radiotherapy.The oncologist · 2026Article
- Exercise-associated microRNA programs as candidate modulators and biomarkers in glioblastoma: a narrative review.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Article
- The effect of resiquimod (a Toll-like receptor-7/8 agonist) on the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in breast cancer patients.Discover oncology · 2026Article
- Obesity and breast density enhance immune exclusion in the primary tumor microenvironment and promote breast cancer metastasis.Oncogene · 2026Article
- Breast Cancer and Cardiovascular Risk: The Role of Dyslipidemia, Inflammation and Obesity.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Increased Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signalling in Breast Tissue of High Fibroglandular Density.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2026Article
- Recreational physical activity and biomarkers of breast cancer risk in a cohort of adolescent girls.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Immune system, inflammatory response, and regulated cell death in breast cancer research (Review).Oncology reports · 2026Review
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to the malignant transformation of several malignancies and is an important component of breast cancer. The role of chronic inflammation in the initiation and development of breast cancer from normal breast tissue, however, is unclear and needs to be clarified. A review of the literature was conducted to define the chronic inflammatory processes in normal breast tissue at risk for breast cancer and in breast cancer, including the role of lymphocyte and macrophage infiltrates, chronic active adipocytes and fibroblasts, and processes that may promote chronic inflammation including the microbiome and factors related to genomic abnormalities and cellular injury. The findings indicate that in healthy normal breast tissue there is systemic evidence to suggest inflammatory changes are present and associated with breast cancer risk, and adipocytes and crown-like structures in normal breast tissue may be associated with chronic inflammatory changes. The microbiome, genomic abnormalities, and cellular changes are present in healthy normal breast tissue, with the potential to elicit inflammatory changes, while infiltrating lymphocytes are uncommon in these tissues. Chronic inflammatory changes occur prominently in breast cancer tissues, with important contributions from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated adipocytes and crown-like structures, and cancer-associated fibroblasts, while the microbiome and DNA damage may serve to promote inflammatory events. Together, these findings suggest that chronic inflammation may play a role in influencing the initiation, development and conduct of breast cancer, although several chronic inflammatory processes in breast tissue may occur later in breast carcinogenesis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.