ReviewCancers2021
Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: A Clinical Perspective.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Combined Tumor Cell and Lysate-Based Vaccines for Immunotherapy of Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM).Cancers · 2025Review
- Preclinical development of an mRNA-based multiepitope immunotherapeutic for glioblastoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- Artificial intelligence-based radiogenomics reveals the potential immunoregulatory role of COL22A1 in glioma and its induced autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A comprehensive neuroimaging review of the primary and metastatic brain tumors treated with immunotherapy: current status, and the application of advanced imaging approaches and artificial intelligence.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Article
- Recent advances in drug delivery systems for targeting brain tumors.Drug delivery · 2023Review
- Biology-aware mutation-based deep learning for outcome prediction of cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.NPJ precision oncology · 2023Article
- NR2F6, a new immune checkpoint that acts as a potential biomarker of immunosuppression and contributes to poor clinical outcome in human glioma.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- STING cg16983159 methylation: a key factor for glioblastoma immunosuppression.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2022Article
- Glioblastoma Treatment: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Identification and validation of an anoikis-associated gene signature to predict clinical character, stemness, IDH mutation, and immune filtration in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Expression and Prognostic Role of Glia Maturation Factor-γ in Gliomas.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Article
- Modulation of the Gal-9/TIM-3 Immune Checkpoint with α-Lactose. Does Anomery of Lactose Matter?Cancers · 2021Review
- BSA-MnORSC advances · 2021Article
- Efferocytosis in the Central Nervous System.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and the most aggressive brain tumor. It is notoriously resistant to current treatments, and the prognosis remains dismal. Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of numerous cancer types and generate great hope for glioblastoma, alas without success until now. In this review, the rationale underlying immune targeting of glioblastoma, as well as the challenges faced when targeting these highly immunosuppressive tumors, are discussed. Innovative immune-targeting strategies including cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, checkpoint blockade inhibitors, adoptive cell transfer, and CAR T cells that have been investigated in glioblastoma are reviewed. From a clinical perspective, key clinical trial findings and ongoing trials are discussed for each approach. Finally, limitations, either biological or arising from trial designs are analyzed, and strategies to overcome them are presented. Proof of efficacy for immunotherapy approaches remains to be demonstrated in glioblastoma, but our rapidly expanding understanding of its biology, its immune microenvironment, and the emergence of novel promising combinatorial approaches might allow researchers to finally fulfill the medical need for GBM patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.