ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2021
Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Change with Sleep Stage in Dairy Cows.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal-based welfare indicators for dairy cows and their validity and practicality: a systematic review of the existing literature.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Pooled it
- Short communication-characterizing heart rate of beef cattle during stunning and exsanguination at slaughter.Journal of animal science · 2026Article
- Article
- Non-invasive physiological indicators of welfare in dairy cows.Animal welfare (South Mimms, England) · 2026Article
- Shelter preference and behavior of dairy cows managed outdoors during calving in temperate winter conditions.JDS communications · 2024Article
- Methods used for estimating sleep in dairy cattle.JDS communications · 2024Article
- Sensor-supported measurement of adaptability of dogs (Canis familiaris) to a shelter environment: Nocturnal activity and behavior.PloS one · 2023Article
- Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Change with Sleep Stage in Dairy Cows.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Changes to the amount and patterns of sleep stages could be a useful tool to assess the effects of stress or changes to the environment in animal welfare research. However, the gold standard method, polysomnography PSG, is difficult to use with large animals such as dairy cows. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) can be used to predict sleep stages in humans and could be useful as an easier method to identify sleep stages in cows. We compared the mean HR and HRV and lying posture of dairy cows at pasture and when housed, with sleep stages identified through PSG. HR and HRV were higher when cows were moving their heads or when lying flat on their side. Overall, mean HR decreased with depth of sleep. There was more variability in time between successive heart beats during REM sleep, and more variability in time between heart beats when cows were awake and in REM sleep. These shifts in HR measures between sleep stages followed similar patterns despite differences in mean HR between the groups. Our results show that HR and HRV measures could be a promising alternative method to PSG for assessing sleep in dairy cows.
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