ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2022
Effectiveness of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Messenger RNA Vaccines for Preventing Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalizations in the United States.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prior infections and effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in test-negative studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.American journal of epidemiology · 2024Pooled it
- The effects of methotrexate on the immune responses to the COVID-19 vaccines in the patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease: A systematic review of clinical evidence.Transplant immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Comparative effectiveness of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis using the GRADE framework.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 for Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, and AstraZeneca vaccines: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and Risk Factors Associated With Poor Humoral Immune Response of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Recipients of Solid Organ Transplant: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA network open · 2022Pooled it
- Article
- Incidence Rates of COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization and Risk Factors for Severe Disease Among American Indian and Alaska Native Persons in the Southwest USA and Alaska.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Observational
- Long-Term Illness in Adults Hospitalized for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease, United States, February 2022-September 2023.Emerging infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Long-term healthcare use of COVID-19 cases in 2020: a two-year follow-up in Stockholm, Sweden.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Benefit of Early Oseltamivir Therapy for Adults Hospitalized With Influenza A: An Observational Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Observational
- Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccine uptake among vulnerable communities in Texas: Perceptions of 2-1-1 helpline callers.Vaccine · 2025Article
- First Report of the Immunogenicity of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine in Iranian Patients with Autoimmune Diseases.European journal of rheumatology · 2025Article
- Dendritic-cell-targeting virus-like particles as potent mRNA vaccine carriers.Nature biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Review
- Delphi Panel Consensus Statement Generation: COVID-19 Vaccination Recommendations for Immunocompromised Populations in the European Union.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccination Recommendations for Immunocompromised Patient Populations: Delphi Panel and Consensus Statement Generation in the United States.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Article
- Article
- Building the U.S. COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness program: Past successes and future directions.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Lithium in the time of COVID: forever vigilant.International journal of bipolar disorders · 2024Article
- Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 in Immunocompromised Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Using GRADE.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Review
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
59 authors at 20 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAs severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination coverage increases in the United States, there is a need to understand the real-world effectiveness against severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and among people at increased risk for poor outcomes.
methodsIn a multicenter case-control analysis of US adults hospitalized March 11-May 5, 2021, we evaluated vaccine effectiveness to prevent COVID-19 hospitalizations by comparing odds of prior vaccination with a messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) between cases hospitalized with COVID-19 and hospital-based controls who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2.
resultsAmong 1212 participants, including 593 cases and 619 controls, median age was 58 years, 22.8% were Black, 13.9% were Hispanic, and 21.0% had immunosuppression. SARS-CoV-2 lineage B0.1.1.7 (Alpha) was the most common variant (67.9% of viruses with lineage determined). Full vaccination (receipt of 2 vaccine doses ≥14 days before illness onset) had been received by 8.2% of cases and 36.4% of controls. Overall vaccine effectiveness was 87.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.7-91.3). Vaccine effectiveness was similar for Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, and highest in adults aged 18-49 years (97.4%; 95% CI, 79.3-9.7). Among 45 patients with vaccine-breakthrough COVID hospitalizations, 44 (97.8%) were ≥50 years old and 20 (44.4%) had immunosuppression. Vaccine effectiveness was lower among patients with immunosuppression (62.9%; 95% CI,20.8-82.6) than without immunosuppression (91.3%; 95% CI, 85.6-94.8).
conclusionDuring March-May 2021, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines were highly effective for preventing COVID-19 hospitalizations among US adults. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was beneficial for patients with immunosuppression, but effectiveness was lower in the immunosuppressed population.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.