ArticleVaccines2021
Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Socio-Demographics, Co-Morbidity, and Past Experience of Racial Discrimination.
Article in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 123 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Boosting COVID-19 vaccine inoculation and booster shots: a systematic review and meta-analysis of factors that influence Coronavirus vaccine uptake in practice.African health sciences · 2023Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and demographic characteristics in the United States.Public health · 2022Pooled it
- Trial
- The role of age, sex, and ethnicity in vaccine trust, and sources of information in Canada: Findings from a national survey.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Five values for COVID-19 vaccine acceptance described by racial and ethnic minoritized caregivers.Vaccine: X · 2026Article
- Comparative evaluation of machine learning models for predicting COVID-19 vaccine uptake in U.S. adults.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Associating Race, Income, and Discrimination with COVID-19 Vaccine Status, Hesitancy, and Access in the United States: A Cross-sectional Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence of Surinamese Children and Determinants of Seropositivity in the CCREOH/MeKiTamara Cohort.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cross-Cultural Differences in Public Discourse on COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States and South Korea: Cross-Sectional Analysis Using Natural Language Processing.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- COVID-Related Discrimination and Health Care Access among a Nationally Representative, Diverse Sample of US Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Article
- Trust in Health Institutions Across Racial Groups: Implications for Dual Flu-Coronavirus Vaccine Adoption.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- A cross-sectional study of the predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- A scoping review of intersectional health research related to the COVID-19 pandemic in North America: key findings.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Association between Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and Receipt of COVID-19 Vaccine in Pregnancy or Postpartum.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Predictors of vaccine uptake during a pandemic: The interplay of lifetime discrimination, educational attainment, and family support.Journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- Trust in healthcare and perceived discrimination in Sweden: a fixed effects analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- In-hospital mortality predictors among COVID-19 patients in the West Bank, Palestine: a multi-center retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Associations between local COVID-19 policies and anxiety in the USA: a longitudinal digital cohort study.BMJ public health · 2025Article
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The goal of this study is to explore predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, including socio-demographic factors, comorbidity, risk perception, and experience of discrimination, in a sample of the U.S. population. We used a cross-sectional online survey study design, implemented between 13-23 December 2020. The survey was limited to respondents residing in the USA, belonging to priority groups for vaccine distribution. Responses were received from 2650 individuals (response rate 84%) from all 50 states and Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and Guam. The five most represented states were California (13%), New York (10%), Texas (7%), Florida (6%), and Pennsylvania (4%). The majority of respondents were in the age category 25-44 years (66%), male (53%), and working in the healthcare sector (61%). Most were White and non-Hispanic (66%), followed by Black and non-Hispanic (14%) and Hispanic (8%) respondents. Experience with racial discrimination was a predictor of vaccine hesitancy. Those reporting racial discrimination had 21% increased odds of being at a higher level of hesitancy compared to those who did not report such experience (OR = 1.21, 95% C.I. 1.01-1.45). Communication and logistical aspects during the COVID-19 vaccination campaign need to be sensitive to individuals' past-experience of racial discrimination in order to increase vaccine coverage.
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Registered trials
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