Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34358136›Full record

ArticleVaccines2021

A National Survey to Assess the COVID-19 Vaccine-Related Conspiracy Beliefs, Acceptability, Preference, and Willingness to Pay among the General Population of Pakistan.

Muhammad Subhan Arshad, Iltaf Hussain, Tahir Mahmood, Khezar Hayat, Abdul Majeed, Imran Imran, Hamid Saeed, Muhammad Omer Iqbal, Muhammad Uzair, Anees Ur Rehman and 12 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Vaccines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
37citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

37 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Muhammad Subhan ArshadDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0003-0282-0216
Iltaf HussainDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0003-0556-0181
Tahir MahmoodDepartment of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Khezar HayatInstitute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0001-7984-1870
Abdul MajeedDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-6711-0832
Imran ImranDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0003-1337-8574
Hamid SaeedAllama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, University College of Pharmacy, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
Muhammad Omer IqbalKey Laboratory of Marine Drugs (Ministry of Education), Shandong Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China.ORCID 0000-0002-7122-9422
Muhammad UzairDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Anees Ur RehmanDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-6502-8464
Waseem AshrafDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Areeba UsmanNishter Medical Hospital, Multan 59070, Pakistan.
Shahzada Khurram SyedDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Lahore 54770, Pakistan.
Muqarrab AkbarDepartment of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Muhammad Omer ChaudhrySchool of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Basit RamzanAl-Shifa Pharmacy, Multan 60650, Pakistan.
Muhammad IslamAllama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, University College of Pharmacy, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
Muhammad Usman SaleemDepartment of Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Waleed ShakeelDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Iram IqbalDepartment of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
Furqan HashmiAllama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, University College of Pharmacy, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0003-4921-3739
Muhammad Fawad RasoolDepartment of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0002-8607-8583

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The current study aims to assess the beliefs of the general public in Pakistan towards conspiracy theories, acceptance, willingness to pay, and preference for the COVID-19 vaccine. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online self-administered questionnaire during January 2021. The Chi-square test or Fisher exact test was utilized for statistical data analysis. A total of 2158 respondents completed the questionnaire, among them 1192 (55.2%) were male with 23.87 (SD: ±6.23) years as mean age. The conspiracy beliefs circulating regarding the COVID-19 vaccine were believed by 9.3% to 28.4% of the study participants. Among them, 1040 (48.2%) agreed to vaccinate on its availability while 934 (43.3%) reported the Chinese vaccine as their preference. The conspiracy beliefs of the participants were significantly associated with acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. The existence of conspiracy beliefs and low vaccine acceptance among the general population is a serious threat to successful COVID-19 vaccination.

Indexed as

conspiracy theoriesCOVID-19COVID-19 vaccinegeneral publicvaccine acceptancevaccine hesitancy

Identifiers

PMID34358136
PMCPMC8310108

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.