ReviewBiomolecules2021
Clozapine: Why Is It So Uniquely Effective in the Treatment of a Range of Neuropsychiatric Disorders?
Review in Biomolecules, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Latest developments in the use of e-cigarettes by people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who smoke: a scoping review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Non-Clozapine interventions in treatment-resistant schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Comorbid health outcomes in patients with schizophrenia: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Rational and Translational Implications of D-Amino Acids for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: From Neurobiology to the Clinics.Biomolecules · 2022Pooled it
- Clozapine Dose Reduction in Remitted Patients With Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Case Series.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- From Therapeutic Drug to Xenobiotic in Cancer Repurposing: Clozapine Mechanisms, Metabolic Liabilities, and Human-Relevant Translational Approaches.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Glutamate change in the anterior cingulate cortex after starting clozapine: evaluating 1H-MRS pilot data.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Heterogeneous biological graph convolutional network for drug-target interaction prediction.PloS one · 2026Article
- Clozapine-Associated Generalized Seizure at Therapeutic Dose Without Prior Epilepsy: A Case Report.Clinical medicine insights. Case reports · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Potential of Methanolic Extract ofJournal of pharmacopuncture · 2025Article
- Blood‑brain barrier dysfunction in schizophrenia: Mechanisms and implications (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Repurposed Antipsychotics as Potential Anticancer Agents: Clozapine Efficacy and Dopaminergic Pathways in Neuroblastoma and Glioblastoma.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Clozapine Efficacy and Adverse Drug Reactions Among a Nationwide Study of 1021 Australians Prescribed Clozapine: The ClozaGene Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Article
- Drug-Drug Interactions and Individualized Clozapine Therapy in Patients with Depression: Insights from Real-World Data.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Article
- Cariprazine for Clozapine-Induced Urinary Incontinence in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Case Report.Cureus · 2025Article
- COVID-19 disease outcomes in patients receiving clozapine versus other antipsychotics: a national study in Qatar.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- An Investigation of the Sodium Nitroprusside Effects on Serum Lipids in an Animal Model of Schizophrenia by the Magnetic Resonance Study.ACS omega · 2024Article
- Characteristics and causes of reported clozapine-related medication errors: analysis of the Ministry of Health database in Saudi Arabia.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2024Article
- Review
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Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Clozapine is superior to other antipsychotics as a therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder with increased risk of suicidal behavior. This drug has also been used in the off-label treatment of bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Although usually reserved for severe and treatment-refractory cases, it is interesting that electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has also been used in the treatment of these psychiatric disorders, suggesting some common or related mechanisms. A literature review on the applications of clozapine and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to the disorders mentioned above was undertaken, and this narrative review was prepared. Although both treatments have multiple actions, evidence to date suggests that the ability to elicit epileptiform activity and alter EEG activity, to increase neuroplasticity and elevate brain levels of neurotrophic factors, to affect imbalances in the relationship between glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and to reduce inflammation through effects on neuron-glia interactions are common underlying mechanisms of these two treatments. This evidence may explain why clozapine is effective in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Future increased investigations into epigenetic and connectomic changes produced by clozapine and ECT should provide valuable information about these two treatments and the disorders they are used to treat.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.