ArticleAmerican journal of cancer research2021
Increased apoptosis is associated with robust immune cell infiltration and cytolytic activity in breast cancer.
Article in American journal of cancer research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploratory Spatial Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Regional Metabolic Heterogeneity in a Canine Mixed Mammary Carcinoma.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- RAB37 Exerts a Context-Dependent Role in Cutaneous Melanoma Progression by Promoting Tumor Cell Proliferation and Being Associated with Favorable Immune Characteristics.Cancer management and research · 2026Article
- Loss of Ribosomal Protein L22 (RPL22) Expression Identifies a Transcriptional Subset of MLH1-Deficient Endometrial Cancers With Lower Numbers of Tumor-Associated Lymphocytes.Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc · 2026Article
- Molecular Subtypes and Risk Prediction Model Based on Malignant Cell Differentiation Trajectories in Breast Cancer.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Immune landscape of the tumour microenvironment in Ethiopian breast cancer patients.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- Modeling the Effect of Spatial Structure on Solid Tumor Evolution and Circulating Tumor DNA Composition.Cancers · 2024Article
- Modeling the effect of spatial structure on solid tumor evolution and ctDNA composition.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- The Role of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Metformin's Alleviation of Gastrointestinal Injury Induced by Restraint Stress in Mice.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A prognostic model related to necrotizing apoptosis of breast cancer based on biorthogonal constrained depth semi-supervised nonnegative matrix decomposition and single-cell sequencing analysis.American journal of cancer research · 2023Article
- LINC00426 is a potential immune phenotype-related biomarker and an overall survival predictor in PAM50 luminal B breast cancer.Frontiers in genetics · 2023Article
- PRC2-Mediated Epigenetic Suppression of Type I IFN-STAT2 Signaling Impairs Antitumor Immunity in Luminal Breast Cancer.Cancer research · 2022Article
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- Abundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with tumor aggressiveness, immune response, and worse survival in breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2022Article
- Cuproptosis key gene FDX1 is a prognostic biomarker and associated with immune infiltration in glioma.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Elevated bile acid metabolism and microbiome are associated with suppressed cell proliferation and better survival in breast cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2022Article
- Higher intra-tumoral expression of pro-coagulation genes is a predictor of angiogenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transition and worse patient survival in gastric cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2022Article
- Exploiting induced vulnerability to overcome PARPi resistance and clonal heterogeneity in BRCA mutant triple-negative inflammatory breast cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2022Article
- Conflicting roles ofAmerican journal of cancer research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tumor infiltrating immune cells plays a critical role in cancer progression. Apoptosis is an autonomous cell death that counteracts tumor growth. To this end, we hypothesized that increased apoptosis in breast cancer is associated with immune cell killing. Apoptosis score of MSigDB Hallmark collection was used to analyze METABRIC cohort (n=1904) and TCGA (n=1069) as validation cohort. High apoptosis tumors enriched cancer promoting signaling pathways; hypoxia, KRAS, TGF-β, PI3K signaling, and was associated with low MKI67 expression and less cell proliferation gene sets, less homologous recombination defects, and less altered fraction. High apoptosis tumors also enriched angiogenesis and high infiltration of vascular endothelial cells, pericytes and stromal cells and significantly enriched inflammation and immune response-related gene sets and high infiltration of CD8, CD4 memory, dendritic cells, M1 and M2 macrophages and significant elevation of cytolytic activity and immune checkpoint molecules, consistently in both cohorts. In conclusion, breast cancer patients with high apoptosis are associated with angiogenesis, immune response, high immune cell infiltration and cytolytic activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to utilize in silico translational approach to demonstrate the clinical relevance of apoptosis in breast cancer patients in large cohorts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
34354867PMC8332871W3192964257What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.