ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2021
Causes and Consequences of COVID-19-Associated Bacterial Infections.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- COVID-19 pandemic-driven evolution of Klebsiella pneumoniae: rising resistance, genetic diversity, and virulence in a Brazilian tertiary hospital.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology of severe sinogenic and otogenic infections and their intracranial complications.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Observational
- Differential responses of lung and intestinal microbiota to SARS-CoV-2 infection: a comparative study of the Wuhan and Omicron strains in K18-hACE2 Tg mice.Laboratory animal research · 2025Article
- Tetrathienylethene-based porous framework composites for boosting photocatalytic antibacterial activity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Chemical Characterization and Antibiotic-Enhancing Activity of the Essential Oils of Propolis ofPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- MICROBIAL PATTERNS AND DRUG SENSITIVITY TEST OF BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL INFECTION IN COVID-19 PATIENTS AT THE NATIONAL REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN NORTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA.African journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Microbial Profiles and Clinical Outcomes in Orbital and Preseptal Cellulitis.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Inflammatory Biomarkers for Assessing In-Hospital Mortality Risk in Severe COVID-19-A Retrospective Study.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
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- Understanding bacterial pathogenicity: a closer look at the journey of harmful microbes.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and COVID-19 With Acute Otitis Media and a Tegmen Tympani Defect.Cureus · 2023Article
- Development of lipidated polycarbonates with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity.Biomaterials science · 2023Article
- Phage-Derived Depolymerase: Its Possible Role for Secondary Bacterial Infections in COVID-19 Patients.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Critical roles of cytokine storm and bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19: therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Review
- The Effects of Propolis on Viral Respiratory Diseases.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Understanding how different surfaces and environmental biofilms found in food processing plants affect the spread of COVID-19.PloS one · 2023Article
- Intracranial Empyemas in the COVID-19 Era: A New Phenomenon? A Paediatric Case Series and Review of the Literature.Pediatric neurosurgery · 2023Review
- Clinical characteristics among patients with COVID‑19: A single‑center retrospective study.Biomedical reports · 2022Article
- Impact of Different Air Pollutants (PMInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 literature highlights that bacterial infections are more common in fatal cases than recovered cases. If bacterial infections drive mortality in COVID-19, this has clear implications for patient management. However, it is possible that the enrichment of bacterial infections in COVID-19 fatalities is simply a by-product of late-stage pathology, leading to different advice for patient management. To address this question, we review current knowledge on bacterial infections in COVID-19, assess information from past viral respiratory pandemics, and simulate alternate causal models of interactions between virus, bacteria, and mortality in COVID-19. From these models, we conclude that currently available data are not sufficient to discriminate between these alternate causal pathways, and we highlight what data are required to determine the relative contribution of bacterial infection to COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. We further summarize the potential long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.