ArticleJournal of public health research2021
Glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels among junior high school students induced by indoor particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure.
Article in Journal of public health research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Particulate Matter-Induced Skin Injury: A Dual-Pathway AhR-Nrf2 Framework for Epidermal Homeostasis and Therapeutic Targeting.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Potential Impact ofAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Lag analysis of the effect of air pollution on orthopedic postoperative infection in Hebei Province and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects of esculin and esculetin (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Review
- Microalgae (Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Article
- Mechanism of the Huangguoshu waterfall forest environment's promotive effect on human health in Guizhou, China.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIndoor air pollution has globally known as the risk factor of acute respiratory infection in young children. The exposure to indoor particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at house or school can be a potential risk to children's health. This study aimed to examine the association between indoor PM2.5 and NO2 with oxidative stress markers in junior high school students. DESIGN AND
methodThis study was conducted using a cross sectional study with 75 students collected randomly from four junior high schools in Jakarta. PM2.5 and NO2 were measured in classrooms and school yards. The schools were categorized based on the exposure level of PM2.5 and NO2 in classrooms. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were examined from the blood sample. All students were interviewed with questionnaires to determine upper respiratory tract infection, smoking family members, mosquito repellent usage, and dietary supplement consumption.
resultsMean concentration of indoor PM2.5 and NO2 were 0.125±0.036 mg m-3 and 36.37±22.33 µg m-3, respectively. The schools which located near to highway showed lower PM2.5 and higher NO2 level indicated the emission of traffic activity. Mean activity of SOD was 96.36±50.94 U mL-1 and mean concentration of GSH was of 0.62±0.09 µg mL-1. Most of the students reported upper respiratory tract infection history, smoking family member, use mosquito repellent at home, and do not consume dietary supplement.
conclusionThe level of oxidative stress markers and the exposure categories of classroom PM2.5 and NO2 was not significantly different, however there were significant correlation with cigarette smoke and mosquito repellent at home. Nevertheless, the exposure of indoor PM2.5 and NO2 increased the risk of the exposure to cigarette smoke and mosquito repellent at home. Further study on the air pollution at school and home is needed to affirm association towards student's health and to design strategic control efforts.
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Registered trials
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