Observational studyJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2021
Comprehensive Immunologic Evaluation of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples from Human Patients with Moderate and Severe Seasonal Influenza and Severe COVID-19.
Observational study in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Highly focused human CD8+ T-cell response in the lower airways during acute influenza infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- An immune-competent lung-on-a-chip for modelling the human severe influenza infection response.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Generation of an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Alveolar Type II In Vitro Model to Study Influenza A Virus Infection and Drug Treatments.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Integrative multi-omics analysisiScience · 2025Article
- EpInflammAge: Epigenetic-Inflammatory Clock for Disease-Associated Biological Aging Based on Deep Learning.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The Application of Single-Cell Technologies for Vaccine Development Against Viral Infections.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Binding antibody titers against the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase correlate with protection against medically attended influenza A and B disease.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Utility of Protein Markers in COVID-19 Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The intersection of influenza infection and autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- TLR7 Promotes Acute Inflammatory-Driven Lung Dysfunction in Influenza-Infected Mice but Prevents Late Airway Hyperresponsiveness.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Uncovering the Contrasts and Connections in PASC: Viral Load and Cytokine Signatures in Acute COVID-19 versus Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC).Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Platelet distribution width as an useful indicator of influenza severity in children.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Utility of bronchoalveolar lavage for COVID-19: a perspective from the Dragon consortium.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Diesel exhaust particles induce polarization state-dependent functional and transcriptional changes in human monocyte-derived macrophages.American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology · 2024Article
- Compartmentalized Regulation of Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammation in Critical COVID-19 Patients.Viruses · 2023Article
- Improved survival of SARS COV-2-infected K18-Heliyon · 2023Article
- Predictive markers related to local and systemic inflammation in severe COVID-19-associated ARDS: a prospective single-center analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Assessment of antibodies in the upper and lower human respiratory tract at steady state and after respiratory viral infection.Clinical & translational immunology · 2023Article
- Anakinra authorized to treat severe coronavirus disease 2019; Sepsis breakthrough or time to reflect?Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Influenza.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or seasonal influenza may lead to respiratory failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. The pathophysiology of this respiratory failure is attributed to local immune dysregulation, but how the immune response to viral infection in the lower airways of the human lung differs between individuals with respiratory failure and those without is not well understood. We used quantitative multiparameter flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine assays to evaluate matched blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from control human subjects, subjects with symptomatic seasonal influenza who did not have respiratory failure, and subjects with severe seasonal influenza or SARS-CoV-2 infection with respiratory failure. We find that severe cases are associated with an influx of nonclassical monocytes, activated T cells, and plasmablast B cells into the lower airways. Cytokine concentrations were not elevated in the lower airways of moderate influenza patients compared with controls; however, 28 of 35 measured cytokines were significantly elevated in severe influenza, severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, or both. We noted the largest elevations in IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, and IL-8. IL-1 family cytokines and RANTES were higher in severe influenza infection than severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, only the concentration of IP-10-correlated between blood and BAL during severe infection. Our results demonstrate inflammatory immune dysregulation in the lower airways during severe viral pneumonia that is distinct from lower airway responses seen in human patients with symptomatic, but not severe, illness and suggest that measurement of blood IP-10 concentration may predict this unique dysregulation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.