Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34348035›Full record

ReviewAnnual review of vision science2021

Face Recognition by Humans and Machines: Three Fundamental Advances from Deep Learning.

Alice J O'Toole, Carlos D Castillo

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Annual review of vision science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
20citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

20 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The state of modelling face processing in humans with deep learning.British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953) · 2026
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  8. The Emerging Science of Interacting Minds.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2024
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Alice J O'TooleSchool of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA; email: otoole@utdallas.edu.
Carlos D CastilloDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA; email: carlosdc@jhu.edu.

Funding

Human Face Representation in Deep Convolutional Neural NetworksR01EY029692 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS DALLAS · PI O'TOOLE, ALICE J · 2019 to 2022
$1.5M
NEI NIH HHS R01 EY029692
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Deep learning models currently achieve human levels of performance on real-world face recognition tasks. We review scientific progress in understanding human face processing using computational approaches based on deep learning. This review is organized around three fundamental advances. First, deep networks trained for face identification generate a representation that retains structured information about the face (e.g., identity, demographics, appearance, social traits, expression) and the input image (e.g., viewpoint, illumination). This forces us to rethink the universe of possible solutions to the problem of inverse optics in vision. Second, deep learning models indicate that high-level visual representations of faces cannot be understood in terms of interpretable features. This has implications for understanding neural tuning and population coding in the high-level visual cortex. Third, learning in deep networks is a multistep process that forces theoretical consideration of diverse categories of learning that can overlap, accumulate over time, and interact. Diverse learning types are needed to model the development of human face processing skills, cross-race effects, and familiarity with individual faces.

Indexed as

Deep LearningFacial RecognitionVisual CortexHumansNeural Networks, ComputerRecognition, Psychologycross-race effectsdeep convolutional networksface recognitionface spacefacial featureshuman learningmachine learning

Identifiers

PMID34348035
PMCPMC8721510

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.