Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34347841›Full record

ArticlePloS one2021

Factors associated with and socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening among women aged 15-64 years in Botswana.

Mpho Keetile, Kagiso Ndlovu, Gobopamang Letamo, Mpho Disang, Sanni Yaya, Kannan Navaneetham

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
2.1field-weighted citation impact, top 10% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Mpho KeetileDepartment of Population Studies, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.ORCID 0000-0003-1776-4835
Kagiso NdlovuDepartment of Computer Science, University Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.ORCID 0000-0002-4175-8366
Gobopamang LetamoDepartment of Population Studies, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Mpho DisangThe University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Sanni YayaInternational Development and Global Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
Kannan NavaneethamDepartment of Population Studies, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
University of Botswana · BWUniversity of Edinburgh · GBUniversity of Ottawa · CA

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe most commonly diagnosed cancers among women are breast and cervical cancers, with cervical cancer being a relatively bigger problem in low and middle income countries (LMICs) than breast cancer.

methodsThe main aim of this study was to asses factors associated with and socioeconomic inequalities in breast and cervical cancer screening among women aged 15-64 years in Botswana. This study is part of the broad study on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Botswana conducted (NCD survey) in 2016. The NCD survey was conducted across 3 cities and towns, 15 urban villages and 15 rural areas of Botswana. The survey collected information on several NCDs and risk factors including cervical and breast cancer screening. The survey adopted a multistage sampling design and a sample of 1178 participants (males and females) aged 15 years and above was selected in both urban and rural areas of Botswana. For this study, a sub-sample of 813 women aged 15-64 years was selected and included in the analysis. The inequality analysis was conducted using decomposition analysis using ADePT software version 6. Logistic regression models were used to show the association between socioeconomic variables and cervical and breast cancer screening using SPSS version 25. All comparisons were considered statistically significant at 5%.

resultsOverall, 6% and 62% of women reported that they were screened for breast and cervical cancer, respectively. Women in the poorest (AOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.06-0.45) and poorer (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.14-0.96) wealth quintiles were less likely to report cervical cancer screening compared to women in the richest wealth quintile. Similarly, for breast cancer, the odds of screening were found to be low among women in the poorest (AOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.06-0.68) and the poorer (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.13-0.81)) wealth quintiles. Concentration indices (CI) showed that cervical (CI = 0.2443) and breast cancer (CI = 0.3975) screening were more concentrated among women with high SES than women with low SES. Wealth status was observed to be the leading contributor to socioeconomic inequality observed for both cervical and breast cancer screening.

conclusionsFindings in this study indicate the need for concerted efforts to address the health care needs of the poor in order to reduce cervical and breast cancer screening inequalities.

Indexed as

PovertySocioeconomic FactorsAdultAgedBotswanaBreast NeoplasmsCross-Sectional StudiesEarly Detection of CancerFemaleHumansMiddle AgedPrognosisRural PopulationUterine Cervical NeoplasmsYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID34347841
PMCPMC8336819
OpenAlexW3190707570

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.