Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34345993›Full record

ArticleHepatology international2021

The global trends and regional differences in incidence and mortality of hepatitis A from 1990 to 2019 and implications for its prevention.

Guiying Cao, Wenzhan Jing, Jue Liu, Min Liu

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Hepatology international, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
60citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

60 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  4. Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
    Pooled it
  5. Trends and risk factors associated with hepatitis A severity and mortality in French hospitals: a national population-based study, 2013 to 2024.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026
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  17. Hepatitis A: A wake-up call!Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Guiying Cao *Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China. caoguiying@bjmu.edu.cn.
Wenzhan Jing *Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
Jue LiuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
Min LiuDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Haidian District, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China. liumin@bjmu.edu.cn.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5059-3743

Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China 2020YFC0846300National Natural Science Foundation of China 71874003National Natural Science Foundation of China 71934002
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

background and purposeDespite decades of improved sanitation and hygiene measures and vaccine introduction, hepatitis A has been spread through numerous outbreaks globally. We used data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study to quantify hepatitis A burden at the global, regional and national levels.

methodsAnnual incident cases, deaths, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) of hepatitis A between 1990 and 2019 were derived from the GBD study 2019. Percentage changes of cases and deaths, and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of ASIRs and ASMRs were calculated to quantify their temporal trends.

resultsGlobal hepatitis A incident cases increased by 13.90% from 139.54 million in 1990 to 158.94 million in 2019. ASIR of hepatitis A remained stable (EAPC = 0.00, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.01), whereas ASMR decreased (EAPC = -4.63, 95% CI -4.94 to -4.32) between 1990 and 2019. ASIR increased in low (EAPC = 0.09, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.14) and low-middle (EAPC = 0.04, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.06) socio-demographic index (SDI) regions. For GBD regions, the most significant increases of ASIR were detected in high-income Asia Pacific (EAPC = 0.53, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.66), Oceania (EAPC = 0.31, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.36), and Australasia (EAPC = 0.28, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.44). EAPC of ASIR was positively associated with SDI value in countries and territories with SDI value ≥ 0.7 (ρ = -0.310, p < 0.001).

conclusionThere is an unfavorable trend that hepatitis A is still pending in hyperendemic regions and is emerging in low endemic regions. These highlight the need of targeted and specific strategies to eliminate hepatitis A, such as sanitation measures and a comprehensive plan for surveillance and vaccination against hepatitis A.

Indexed as

Hepatitis AAsiaAustralasiaGlobal Burden of DiseaseHumansIncidenceAge-standardized incidence rateAge-standardized mortality rateGlobal burden of diseaseHepatitis APreventionTrend

Identifiers

PMID34345993
PMCPMC8514357

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.