ArticleBMJ global health2021
30 years of polio campaigns in Ethiopia, India and Nigeria: the impacts of campaign design on vaccine hesitancy and health worker motivation.
Article in BMJ global health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care professionals in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- IMPACT: A Structured Human-Centered Design Process for Integrating Community Health Worker Insights Into Program Policy in Pakistan.Global health, science and practice · 2026Article
- Visualizing stigma and HIV service engagement: a participatory approach using causal loop diagrams.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Contributing factors to declining vaccination campaign quality and resurgence of polio cases in Quetta block, Pakistan: a five-year analysis (2020-2024).Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Poliomyelitis in Nigeria: Impact of Vaccination Services and Polio Intervention and Eradication Efforts.Vaccines · 2025Review
- From legacy to integration in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative: looking back to look forward.BMJ global health · 2024Article
- Leveraging global investments for polio eradication to strengthen health systems' resilience through transition.Health policy and planning · 2024Article
- Lessons from polio eradication: a synthesis of implementation strategies for global health services delivery from a scoping review.Frontiers in health services · 2024Article
- Mobile Money and the importance of timely, complete payments to frontline health campaign workers in the fight to eradicate polio: pilot experience from a World Health Organization digital payment platform in Africa.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- How to eradicate polio in Pakistan: Insights from community health workers.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Evaluation of strategies against vaccine hesitancy in the COVID-19 and Indian context-A systematic review.Journal of education and health promotion · 2023Review
- How service delivery implementation strategies can contribute to attaining universal health coverage: lessons from polio eradication using an implementation science approach.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Understanding the role of power and its relationship to the implementation of the polio eradication initiative in india.Frontiers in health services · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe debate over the impact of vertical programmes, including mass vaccination, on health systems is long-standing and often polarised. Studies have assessed the effects of a given vertical health programme on a health system separately
methodsWe constructed a causal loop diagram of the interactions between mass polio vaccination campaigns and government health systems in Ethiopia, India and Nigeria, working inductively from two qualitative datasets. The first dataset was 175 interviews conducted with policymakers, officials and frontline staff in these countries in 2011-2012. The second was 101 interviews conducted with similar groups in 2019, focusing on lessons learnt from polio eradication.
resultsPursuing high coverage in polio campaigns, without considering the dynamic impacts of campaigns on health systems,
conclusionIt benefits vertical programmes to reduce the construction of parallel systems and pursue co-delivery of interventions where possible, and to consider the workflow of frontline staff. Ultimately, for health campaign designs to be effective, they must make sense for those delivering and receiving campaign interventions, and must take into account the complex, adaptive nature of the health systems in which they operate. .
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.