Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34343923›Full record

ArticleAddictive behaviors2021

Smoking and vaping patterns during pregnancy and the postpartum: A longitudinal UK cohort survey.

Katharine Bowker, Sarah Lewis, Michael Ussher, Felix Naughton, Lucy Phillips, Tim Coleman, Sophie Orton, Hayden McRobbie, Linda Bauld, Sue Cooper

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Addictive behaviors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Australian Women's Perspectives on Preventing Postpartum Relapse or Quitting Smoking or Vaping in the Postpartum Year.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Influence of e-cigarettes and their constituents on cardiac rhythm and arrhythmias.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Katharine BowkerDivision of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Electronic address: Katharine.bowker@nottingham.ac.uk.
Sarah LewisDivision of Epidemiology and Public Health and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building 2, Nottingham City Hospital Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK.
Michael UssherPopulation Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK; Institute for Social Marketing and Health, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
Felix NaughtonUniversity of East Anglia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Edith Cavell Building, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
Lucy PhillipsDivision of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
Tim ColemanDivision of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
Sophie OrtonDivision of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
Hayden McRobbieNational Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.
Linda BauldUsher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4UX, UK.
Sue CooperDivision of Primary Care Research and UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.

Funding

Cancer Research UK 22733Cancer Research UK C53479/A22733
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionThere is limited information about longitudinal patterns of vaping during pregnancy and the postpartum. We describe the prevalence, frequency, and reasons for vaping throughout pregnancy and postpartum. We also describe temporal patterns in pregnant women's vaping.

methodsA longitudinal cohort study across England and Scotland, with questionnaires in early pregnancy (8-24 weeks gestation), late pregnancy (34-38 weeks) and 3 months postpartum. A total of 750 women, aged 16 years or over, who were either current smokers, vapers or had smoked in the 3 months before pregnancy, were recruited between June and November 2017.

resultsVaping prevalence was 15.9% (n = 119/750) in early pregnancy: 12.4% (n = 93/750) were dual users and 3.5% (n = 26/750) exclusive vapers. Late pregnancy vaping prevalence was 17.8% (n = 68/383): 12.5% (n = 48/383) were dual users and 5.2% (n = 20/383) exclusive vapers. Postpartum vaping prevalence was 23.1% (n = 95/411): 14.6% (n = 60/411) were dual users and 8.5% (n = 35/411) exclusive vapers. The most frequently reported reason to vape among all vapers was to quit smoking. A total of 316 women completed all three surveys: 2.6% (n = 8/316) were exclusive vapers in early pregnancy with most remaining exclusive vapers postpartum (n = 6/8, 75%). Of the 11.5% (n = 35/316) dual users in early pregnancy, 31.4% (n = 11/35) were exclusive smokers by the postpartum.

conclusionVaping prevalence was between 15.9% and 23.1% during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and the majority were dual users. Vaping habits of exclusive vapers remains stable throughout pregnancy and the postpartum. However, the vaping habits of dual users varies, with a third exclusively smoking in the postpartum.

Indexed as

Electronic Nicotine Delivery SystemsVapingCohort StudiesFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesPostpartum PeriodPregnancySmokingSurveys and QuestionnairesUnited Kingdome-CigarettesLongitudinalPregnancyPrevalenceSmokingVaping

Identifiers

PMID34343923
PMCPMC8434421

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.