Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34342806›Full record

ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2022

Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women.

Hannah L Belcher, Sharon Morein-Zamir, Will Mandy, Ruth M Ford

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
3.0field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. First Impressions Towards Autistic People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025
    Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Does Ongoing Task Load Influence Prospective Remembering in Autism Spectrum Disorders?Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026
    Article
  8. Camouflaging and autism: Conceptualisation and methodological issues.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2026
    Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Hannah L BelcherSchool of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK. Hannah.belcher@kcl.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-8638
Sharon Morein-ZamirSchool of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
Will MandyUniversity College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, Bloomsbury, London, WC1E 7HB, UK.
Ruth M FordSchool of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
Anglia Ruskin University · GBKing's College London · GBUniversity College London · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Camouflaging of autistic traits may make autism harder to diagnose. The current study evaluated the relations between camouflaging intent, first impressions, and age of autism diagnosis. Participants comprised autistic and non-autistic adults (n = 80, 50% female) who completed the Camouflaging of Autistic Traits Questionnaire. They were later video-recorded having a conversation with a person unaware of their diagnostic status. Ten-second clips from half these videos were later shown to 127 non-autistic peers, who rated their first impressions of each participant. Results showed that autistic participants were rated more poorly on first impressions, males were rated less favourably than females, and male raters were particularly harsh in their evaluations of autistic males. Camouflaging intent did not predict first impressions but better first impressions were linked with a later age of diagnosis.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderAutistic DisorderAdultFemaleHumansIntentionMalePeer GroupSurveys and QuestionnairesAutismCamouflagingFemale autism phenotypeFirst impressionsGender differencesMasking

Identifiers

PMID34342806
PMCPMC9296412
OpenAlexW3192730527

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.