ArticleeLife2021
Role of direct and indirect social and spatial ties in the diffusion of HIV and HCV among people who inject drugs: a cross-sectional community-based network analysis in New Delhi, India.
Article in eLife, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- HIV, hepatitis B & C in people who inject drugs in India: A systematic review of regional heterogeneity & overview of opioid substitution treatment.The Indian journal of medical research · 2023Pooled it
- What, how, and when matters: acceptability and preferences for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among people who inject drugs in New Delhi, India.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Geometric deep learning enables high-fidelity network imputation for HIV transmission modeling.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Evaluating spatially targeted HIV interventions and harm reduction services among people who inject drugs in a high-burden setting.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Evaluating Spatially Targeted HIV Interventions and Harm Reduction Services Among People Who Inject Drugs in a High-Burden Setting.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Leveraging injection networks to prevent HIV and other blood borne infections among people who inject drugs in Kenya: design and rationale.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Differential risk for Hepatitis C and HIV among people who inject drugs in Kenya: a latent class analysis signaling needs for innovation in service delivery.The International journal on drug policy · 2025Article
- Network-based strategies to combat HCV: Examining social and spatial drivers of transmission among PWID in New Delhi.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2024Article
- Injection network drivers of HIV prevention service utilization among people who inject drugs: results of a community-based sociometric network cohort in New Delhi, India.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2024Article
- Network centrality and HIV prevention service use among people who inject drugs: Findings from a sociometric network cohort in New Delhi, India.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Observational
- The burden of hepatitis C virus in the world, China, India, and the United States from 1990 to 2019.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Deep learning and social network analysis elucidate drivers of HIV transmission in a high-incidence cohort of people who inject drugs.Science advances · 2022Article
- Combating illicit fentanyl: Will increased Chinese regulation generate a public health crisis in India?Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) account for some of the most explosive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemics globally. While individual drivers of infection are well understood, less is known about network factors, with minimal data beyond direct ties. Methods: 2512 PWID in New Delhi, India were recruited in 2017-19 using a sociometric network design. Sampling was initiated with 10 indexes who recruited named injection partners (people who they injected with in the prior month). Each recruit then recruited their named injection partners following the same process with cross-network linkages established by biometric data. Participants responded to a survey, including information on injection venues, and provided a blood sample. Factors associated with HIV/HCV infection were identified using logistic regression. Results: The median age was 26; 99% were male. Baseline HIV prevalence was 37.0% and 46.8% were actively infected with HCV (HCV RNA positive). The odds of prevalent HIV and active HCV infection decreased with each additional degree of separation from an infected alter (HIV AOR: 0.87; HCV AOR: 0.90) and increased among those who injected at a specific venue (HIV AOR: 1.50; HCV AOR: 1.69) independent of individual-level factors (p<0.001). In addition, sociometric factors, for example, network distance to an infected alter, were statistically significant predictors even when considering immediate egocentric ties. Conclusions: These data demonstrate an extremely high burden of HIV and HCV infection and a highly interconnected injection and spatial network structure. Incorporating network and spatial data into the design/implementation of interventions may help interrupt transmission while improving efficiency. Funding: National Institute on Drug Abuse and the Johns Hopkins University Center for AIDS Research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.