ArticleJournal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia2021
Changes in Immune Cell Types with Age in Breast are Consistent with a Decline in Immune Surveillance and Increased Immunosuppression.
Article in Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menopausal timing and senescent-immune coupling in age-related lobular involution of the human breast: a longitudinal cohort study.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Systemic and local chronic inflammation and hormone disposition promote a tumor-permissive environment for breast cancer in older women.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Use of ctDNA in Older Women with ER+ Breast Cancer to Facilitate Surgical De-escalation: A Prospective, Hybrid-Decentralized Trial with Correlative Studies.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Article
- Late gestational exposure to flutamide alters stromal composition and immune landscape in the rat mammary gland during pre-puberty, peri-puberty, and adulthood.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- YAP1 Dysfunction Promotes Molecular Properties Linked to Breast Cancer Susceptibility.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Single-cell spatial atlas of the aging human breast.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Branching out: the diverse roles of stem and progenitor cells in mammary gland development.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2026Review
- Immune-stromal heterogeneity in breast cancer across diverse ancestries: impact on prognosis and treatment response.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Cell populations in human breast cancers are molecularly and biologically distinct with age.Nature aging · 2025Article
- Distinct Immune Landscape and Gene Expression Profiles in Breast Cancer: Young versus Non-Young Patients.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals age-related heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Little women: the relevance and reliance on mouse models for mammary gland research and next steps for translation.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2025Review
- Ageing, immune fitness and cancer.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- Immunosenescence and cancer: molecular hallmarks, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and age-specific immunotherapy challenges.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Reciprocal immune-epithelial interaction during breast cancer induction.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Review
- CD105Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Comprehensive single-cell aging atlas of healthy mammary tissues reveals shared epigenomic and transcriptomic signatures of aging and cancer.Nature aging · 2025Article
- Article
- Immune Cell Contribution to Mammary Gland Development.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2024Review
- The Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Breast Cancer Progression.Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
A majority of breast cancers (BC) are age-related and we seek to determine what cellular and molecular changes occur in breast tissue with age that make women more susceptible to cancer initiation. Immune-epithelial cell interactions are important during mammary gland development and the immune system plays an important role in BC progression. The composition of human immune cell populations is known to change in peripheral blood with age and in breast tissue during BC progression. Less is known about changes in immune populations in normal breast tissue and how their interactions with mammary epithelia change with age. We quantified densities of T cells, B cells, and macrophage subsets in pathologically normal breast tissue from 122 different women who ranged in age from 24 to 74 years old. Donor-matched peripheral blood from a subset of 20 donors was analyzed by flow cytometry. Tissue immune cell densities and localizations relative to the epithelium were quantified in situ with machine learning-based image analyses of multiplex immunohistochemistry-stained tissue sections. In situ results were corroborated with flow cytometry analyses of peri-epithelial immune cells from primary breast tissue preparations and transcriptome analyses of public data from bulk tissue reduction mammoplasties. Proportions of immune cell subsets in breast tissue and donor-matched peripheral blood were not correlated. Density (cells/mm
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.