Observational studyNeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation2021
Autoimmune Encephalitis Resembling Dementia Syndromes.
Open access · goldAbstract readObservational Study
In one paragraph
Observational study in Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
43citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
3.0field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- MR Imaging Findings in Anti-Leucine-Rich Glioma Inactivated Protein 1 Encephalitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy of immunotherapy and prognosis in anti-LGI1 encephalitis patients: A meta-analysis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical Features and Therapeutic Effects of Anti-leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 Encephalitis: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Prostaglandins: Key players in immunomodulation of the nervous system.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Screening 1021 Swedish memory clinic visitors for autoantibody-mediated encephalitis.Journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Autoimmune Encephalitis as Treatment-Responsive Cause of Rapidly Progressive Dementia: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.Neurology · 2026Observational
- Current and Future Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Review of Biomarker Detection Techniques and Their Performance.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Neuronal autoantibodies in neurodegenerative dementia: From evidence to clinical framework.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2026Review
- Comorbidity Between Anti-GAD65 Autoimmune Encephalitis and Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia: A Case Report.Reports (MDPI) · 2026Article
- Psychiatric symptoms as clinical warning signals of adult anti-LGI-1 encephalitis: an observational cohort study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Observational
- A qualitative exploration of patient experiences living with autoimmune encephalitis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Screening for neuronal antibodies in cognitive impairment and dementia clinics: a prospective multicenter study.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Autoimmune signatures in neurodegenerative dementias: from peripheral immune activation to CNS pathology.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Clinical profile and treatment outcomes of patients with chronic presentations of autoimmune encephalitis: expanding the spectrum.BMJ neurology open · 2026Article
- Neuroglial markers of damage in autoimmune neurology.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2026Review
- Longitudinal changes in [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Article
- Frequency of autoimmune-associated exogenous psychoses in routine clinical care.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Abnormal Brain MRI in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: Clinical and Prognostic Implications.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Anna E M BastiaansenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Robin W van SteenhovenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marienke A A M de BruijnFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Yvette S CrijnenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Agnes van SonderenFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marleen H van Coevorden-HameeteFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marieke M NühnFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marcel M VerbeekFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Marco W J SchreursFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Peter A E Sillevis SmittFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Juna M de VriesFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Frank Jan de JongFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Maarten J TitulaerFrom the Department of Neurology (A.E.M.B., R.W.v.S., Y.S.C., M.H.v.C.-H., P.A.E.S.S., J.M.d.V., M.J.T.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.W.v.S.); Department of Neurology (M.A.A.M.d.B.), Elisabeth Tweesteden Medical Center, Tilburg; Department of Neurology (A.v.S.), Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague; Honours Student Bachelor Biomedical Sciences (M.M.N.), University Utrecht; Department of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine (M.M.V.), Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen; Department of Immunology (M.W.J.S.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam; and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC (F.J.d.J.), Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. m.titulaer@erasmusmc.nl.ORCID 0000-0002-1033-3840
Erasmus MC · NL
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveAs autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) can resemble neurodegenerative dementia syndromes, and patients do not always present as encephalitis, this study evaluates how frequently AIE mimics dementia and provides red flags for AIE in middle-aged and older patients.
methodsIn this nationwide observational cohort study, patients with anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR), anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABA
resultsTwo-hundred ninety patients had AIE, of whom 175 were 45 years or older. Sixty-seven patients (38%) fulfilled criteria for dementia without prominent seizures early in the disease course. Of them, 42 had anti-LGI1 (48%), 13 anti-NMDAR (52%), 8 anti-GABA
conclusionsRed flags for AIE in patients with suspected dementia are: (1) rapidly progressive cognitive decline, (2) subtle seizures, and (3) abnormalities in ancillary testing atypical for neurodegeneration. Physicians should be aware that inflammatory changes are not always present in AIE, and that biomarkers often requested when dementia was suspected (including 14-3-3) can show abnormal results. Diagnosis is essential as most patients profit from immunotherapy.
Indexed as
AgedAged, 80 and overAutoimmune Diseases of the Nervous SystemCohort StudiesDementiaEncephalitisFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSyndrome
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