ReviewBMJ global health2021
Law, criminalisation and HIV in the world: have countries that criminalise achieved more or less successful pandemic response?
Review in BMJ global health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global associations of key populations with HIV-1 recombinants: a systematic review, global survey, and individual participant data meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- Prevalence and uptake of HIV services among men who have sex with men in Northern Nigeria.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- The effect of mandatory regulatory policies on unsafe sexual behaviours among female sex workers: an evaluation study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Innovative HIV care strategies and health system resilience in conflict-affected settings.Conflict and health · 2026Review
- Assessing the cost implications of integrating and scaling up HIV services for key populations in Kenya and Malawi.Health policy and planning · 2026Article
- Ethical considerations and the social context of HIV phylogenetic research in uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2026Article
- HIV Knowledge, Information Sources, and Perceived Risk among Reproductive-Aged Individuals in Kisumu, Kenya: A Latent Profile Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- "It's Not Easy for a Transgender Woman Here in Nigeria": A Qualitative Study to Inform HIV Prevention Intervention Development.Transgender health · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of an Integrated HIV/STI, and Pregnancy Prevention Programme: Improving Adolescent Sexual Health Outcomes.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Impact of the Anti-Homosexuality Act on HIV service delivery in Uganda: Evidence from community-led monitoring.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Article
- The next viral pandemic-where do we stand?Folia microbiologica · 2025Review
- Article
- An assessment of the implementation of the HIV workplace policy in Akwa Ibom State: a cross-sectional descriptive study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Predictors of Recent Incidence Trends in Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Systematic Review Protocol.HRB open research · 2025Article
- Article
- Bridging the gap: Enhancing HIV care pathways for young key populations in Chad.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Recent South African court rulings on failing to disclose HIV status to sexual partners.South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care · 2024Article
- Intersecting Stigma and the HIV Care Cascade: Qualitative Insights from Sex Workers, Men who have Sex with Men, and Transgender Women Living with HIV in Jamaica.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Increases in housing rules and surveillance during COVID-19: impacts on overdose and overdose response in a community-based cohort of sex workers who use drugs in Vancouver, BC.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
How do choices in criminal law and rights protections affect disease-fighting efforts? This long-standing question facing governments around the world is acute in the context of pandemics like HIV and COVID-19. The Global AIDS Strategy of the last 5 years sought to prevent mortality and HIV transmission in part through ensuring people living with HIV (PLHIV) knew their HIV status and could suppress the HIV virus through antiretroviral treatment. This article presents a cross-national ecological analysis of the relative success of national AIDS responses under this strategy, where laws were characterised by more or less criminalisation and with varying rights protections. In countries where same-sex sexual acts were criminalised, the portion of PLHIV who knew their HIV status was 11% lower and viral suppression levels 8% lower. Sex work criminalisation was associated with 10% lower knowledge of status and 6% lower viral suppression. Drug use criminalisation was associated with 14% lower levels of both. Criminalising all three of these areas was associated with approximately 18%-24% worse outcomes. Meanwhile, national laws on non-discrimination, independent human rights institutions and gender-based violence were associated with significantly higher knowledge of HIV status and higher viral suppression among PLHIV. Since most countries did not achieve 2020 HIV goals, this ecological evidence suggests that law reform may be an important tool in speeding momentum to halt the pandemic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.