ArticlemBio2021
Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins in Cell Entry: Control Elements in the Amino-Terminal Domains.
Article in mBio, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2 virus infection ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Multivalent Protein Nanorings for Broad and Potent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Transition from infectivity and immune escape to pure escape as an evolutionary strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- FGFR signaling and neddylation facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection by modulating interferon induction and viral entry, respectively.iScience · 2026Article
- Structural Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike N-Terminal Domain Across Wild-Type and Recent Variants: A Comparative Study.Proteins · 2025Article
- Dual-Locking the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimer: An Amphipathic Molecular "Bolt" Stabilizes Conserved Druggable Interfaces for Coronavirus Inhibition.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Unveiling the structural spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 fusion by in situ cryo-ET.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Efficacy of Inactivated Bivalent SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Targeting Ancestral Strain (ERAGEM), Delta, and Omicron Variants.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Emergence of the BA.2.87.1 lineage of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa, a highly diverged BA.2-related lineage.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- Genome data artifacts and functional studies of deletion repair in the BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Virus evolution · 2025Article
- Dynamic expedition of leading mutations in SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variations reveal mechanisms controlling cell entry dynamics and antibody neutralization.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- In-silico evaluation of the T-cell based immune response against SARS-CoV-2 omicron variants.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The accomplices: Heparan sulfates and N-glycans foster SARS-CoV-2 spike:ACE2 receptor binding and virus priming.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Review
- Functional and antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide by deep mutational scanning.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Variation in structural motifs within SARS-related coronavirus spike proteins.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- AlphaFold2 Reveals Structural Patterns of Seasonal Haplotype Diversification in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variants.Biology · 2024Article
- Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 to ACE2Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike.Cell reports · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Selective pressures drive adaptive changes in the coronavirus spike proteins directing virus-cell entry. These changes are concentrated in the amino-terminal domains (NTDs) and the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of complex modular spike protein trimers. The impact of this hypervariability on virus entry is often unclear, particularly with respect to sarbecovirus NTD variations. Therefore, we constructed indels and substitutions within hypervariable NTD regions and used severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus-like particles and quantitative virus-cell entry assays to elucidate spike structures controlling this initial infection stage. We identified NTD variations that increased SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-mediated membrane fusion and cell entry. Increased cell entry correlated with greater presentation of RBDs to ACE2 receptors. This revealed a significant allosteric effect, in that changes within the NTDs can orient RBDs for effective virus-cell binding. Yet, those NTD changes elevating receptor binding and membrane fusion also reduced interdomain associations, leaving spikes on virus-like particles susceptible to irreversible inactivation. These findings parallel those obtained decades ago, in which comparisons of murine coronavirus spike protein variants established inverse relationships between membrane fusion potential and virus stability. Considerable hypervariability in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein NTDs also appear to be driven by counterbalancing pressures for effective virus-cell entry and durable extracellular virus infectivity. These forces may selectively amplify SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.