ArticlePloS one2021
Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: Sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology and control strategies for foot-and-mouth disease in livestock and wildlife in Uganda: systematic review.Veterinary research communications · 2025Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease in cattle in East Africa between 2014 and 2024: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC veterinary research · 2025Pooled it
- First Serological Evidence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) Infection Among Sheep and Goats in Selected Districts of Central Bangladesh.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Isolation and molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from small ruminants in Nigeria.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence and Risk Factor Assessment of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Goats in Uganda: A Risk-Based Approach.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Article
- Foot-and-mouth disease dynamics in multi-species livestock systems at the interface of African protected areas.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- A unified Foot and Mouth Disease dataset for Uganda: evaluating machine learning predictive performance degradation under varying distributions.Frontiers in artificial intelligence · 2024Article
- Estimation of foot-and-mouth disease virus sero-prevalence rates using novel computational approach for the susceptible bovine population in India during the period 2008-2021.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A review of foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia: epidemiological aspects, economic implications, and control strategies.Virology journal · 2023Review
- Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan.Veterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Epidemiological Dynamics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in the Horn of Africa: The Role of Virus Diversity and Animal Movement.Viruses · 2023Review
- Detection of clinical and subclinical Foot and Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle in Al-Najaf Province.Archives of Razi Institute · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) in Kenya is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of non-structural-proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. To identify the risk factors, generalized linear mixed effects (GLMM) logistic regression analysis with county and villages as random effect variables was used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 22.5% (95% CI: 22.3%-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9%-80.9%). The risk factor that was significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR was multipurpose production type (OR = 1.307; p = 0.042). The risk factors that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR = 0.796; p = 0.007), young age (OR = 0.470; p = 0.010), and sedentary production zone (OR = 0.324; p<0.001). There were no statistically significant intra class correlations among the random effect variables but interactions between age and sex variables among the studied animals were statistically significant (p = 0.019). This study showed that there may be widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by the near ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission of FMD and more risk factors need to be researched.
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