SynthesisPLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
Clinical outcomes and outcome measurement tools reported in randomised controlled trials of treatment for snakebite envenoming: A systematic review.
Synthesis in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy and safety outcomes reported in human leptospirosis studies to inform the development of a core outcome and core outcome measurement set: A systematic review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Use of snake antivenom in the Region of the Americas: a systematic review.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2025Pooled it
- A global core outcome measurement set for snakebite clinical trials.The Lancet. Global health · 2023Pooled it
- Antivenom preclinical efficacy testing against Asian snakes and their availability in Asia: A systematic review.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Outcomes in intervention research on snakebite envenomation: a systematic review.F1000Research · 2022Pooled it
- Animal models in venom and antivenom research: The need to align academic discovery with manufacturing and regulatory expectations.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Review
- From scarcity to sustainability: Policy pathways for equitable snakebite antivenom access in Africa.PLOS global public health · 2026Review
- Symptoms and Management of Painful Progressive Swelling in Eswatini Snakebite Patients: A Prospective Observational Study.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Observational
- Handheld Point-of-Care Devices for Snakebite Coagulopathy: A Scoping Review.Thrombosis and haemostasis · 2025Article
- Article
- Landscape of toxin-neutralizing therapeutics for snakebite envenoming (2015-2022): Setting the stage for an R&D agenda.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- ImprovingF1000Research · 2024Article
- Clinical Risk Factors Associated with Poor Outcomes in Snake Envenoming: A Narrative Review.Toxins · 2023Review
- [A global core outcome measurement set for snakebite clinical trials].Medecine tropicale et sante internationale · 2023Article
- Oral and IV Varespladib Rescue Experiments in Juvenile Pigs with Weakness Induced by Australian and PapuanToxins · 2023Article
- A long-term observational study of paediatric snakebite in Kilifi County, south-east Kenya.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Observational
- Review
- Article
- TRUE-1: Trial of Repurposed Unithiol for snakebite Envenoming phase 1 (safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy Kenyan adults).Wellcome open research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSnakebite is a priority neglected tropical disease and causes a range of complications that vary depending on the snake species. Randomised clinical trials have used varied outcome measures that do not allow results to be compared or combined. In accordance with the Core Outcomes Measurements in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative, this systematic review aims to support the development of a globally relevant core outcome set for snakebite.
methodsAll randomised controlled trials, secondary analyses of randomised controlled trials and study protocols investigating the efficacy of therapeutics for human snakebite envenoming were eligible for inclusion. Study screening and data extraction were conducted in duplicate by two independent reviewers. All primary and secondary outcome measures were extracted and compiled, as were adverse event outcome measures. Similar outcome measures were grouped into domains. The study was prospectively registered with PROSPERO: CRD42020196160.
resultsThis systematic review included 43 randomised controlled trials, two secondary analyses and 13 study protocols. A total of 382 outcome measures were extracted and, after duplicates were merged, there were 153 unique outcomes. The most frequently used outcome domain ('venom antigenaemia') was included in less than one third of the studies. The unique outcomes were classified into 60 outcome domains. Patient-centred outcomes were used in only three of the studies. DISCUSSION: Significant heterogeneity in outcome measures exists in snakebite clinical trials. Consensus is needed to select outcome measures that are valid, reliable, patient-centred and feasible. The results of this systematic review strongly support the development of a core outcome set for use in snakebite clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.