ReviewInfection2021
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: pathogenesis, vaccines, and potential therapies.
Review in Infection, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding Mutations in Human SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis.Viruses · 2023Pooled it
- Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Vasculitic Skin Lesions after Infection or mRNA Vaccination: A Retrospective Case control Immunofluorescence Study.Acta dermato-venereologica · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein's Structural Dynamics Affect the Activity of the Bebtelovimab Antibody.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2026Article
- Inhalation of N-Chlorotaurine Is an Effective Treatment of <italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</italic> Pneumonia in Mice.Journal of innate immunity · 2026Article
- Computational screening and molecular modeling of probiotic-derived peptides targeting the conserved HR1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Improving directed evolution strategies: error-prone PCR optimization for SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- Longitudinal study on SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in companion animals, Chile.The veterinary quarterly · 2025Article
- Review
- SARS-CoV-2 spike mutations alter structure and energetics to modulate ACE2 binding immune evasion and viral adaptation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Role of Probiotics and Their Postbiotic Metabolites in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) Downregulation During Coronavirus Infection.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- Heterogeneous Evolution Among SARS-CoV-2 Genes and Variants of Concern.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- In silico genomic surveillance by CoVerage predicts and characterizes SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Dual-Locking the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimer: An Amphipathic Molecular "Bolt" Stabilizes Conserved Druggable Interfaces for Coronavirus Inhibition.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- A 22 month prospective assessment of neutralizing and IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 variants following homologous and heterologous BNT162b2 boosting.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Receptor Binding for the Entry Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2: Insights from the Original Strain and Emerging Variants.Viruses · 2025Review
- Differential reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein T-cell epitopes in vaccinated versus naturally infected individuals.Clinical & translational immunology · 2025Article
- Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeCOVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a result of infection by the deadly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing enormous threats to humans. Coronaviruses are distinguished by a clove-like spike (S) protein, which plays a key role in viral pathogenesis, evolutions, and transmission. The objectives of this study are to investigate the distinctive structural features of SARS-CoV-2 S protein, its essential role in pathogenesis, and its use in the development of potential therapies and vaccines. METHODOLOGY: A literature review was conducted to summarize, analyze, and interpret the available scientific data related to SARS-CoV-2 S protein in terms of characteristics, vaccines development and potential therapies.
resultsThe data indicate that S protein subunits and their variable conformational states significantly affect the virus pathogenesis, infectivity, and evolutionary mutation. A considerable number of potential natural and synthetic therapies were proposed based on S protein. Additionally, neutralizing antibodies were recently approved for emergency use. Furthermore, several vaccines utilizing the S protein were developed.
conclusionA better understanding of S protein features, structure and mutations facilitate the recognition of the importance of SARS-CoV-2 S protein in viral infection, as well as the development of therapies and vaccines. The efficacy and safety of these therapeutic compounds and vaccines are still controversial. However, they may potentially reduce or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to a significant reduction of the global health burden of this pandemic.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.