ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
The lung microbiome: progress and promise.
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The impact of tuberculosis and its treatment on the lung and gut microbiota: a global systematic review, meta-analysis, and amplicon-based metagenomic meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Global research trends on the associations between the microbiota and lung cancer: a visualization bibliometric analysis (2008-2023).Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- The respiratory microbiota alpha-diversity in chronic lung diseases: first systematic review and meta-analysis.Respiratory research · 2022Pooled it
- Establishment of anmSystems · 2026Article
- The lung microbiome in childhood-onset severe neuromuscular disease with respiratory insufficiency: rationale, current evidence, and opportunities for oxford nanopore long-read sequencing.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Review
- Comparative Lung Bacterial Community Profiles in Pneumonic and Non-Pneumonic Akkaraman Lambs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Ozone Exposure Induces Pulmonary Microbiota Dysbiosis and Associated Inflammatory Responses in Mice.Toxics · 2026Article
- Metagenomic-based quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa burden links microbiome collapse to mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2026Article
- Microbiota-Immune Crosstalk in Pneumonia and Acute Lung Injury: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Dynamic balance of the lung microbiome in health and respiratory diseases.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Self-assemblies from prodrugs composed of antimicrobial peptides: a revolution in local lung cancer treatment, with microbiota as a main actor.Drug delivery and translational research · 2026Article
- Study on the correlation between respiratory microbiome alterations and disease location/severity in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
- The human lung microbiome progressively diminishes in the distal alveolar regions.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Respiratory Microbiome in COPD-A Literature Review.Advances in respiratory medicine · 2026Review
- Lung Microbiome Diversity, Infection Dynamics, and Microbe-Mediated Cross-Protection.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Review
- The Role of the Respiratory Microbiome in Pneumonia.Clinics in chest medicine · 2026Review
- Hemoglobin-to-red cell distribution width ratio and sleep duration as predictors of pneumonia: Evidence from NHANES 2011-2018.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Reduction of palmitoleic acid due to changes in pulmonary microbiota contributes to acute lung injury after single-lung ventilation.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Tissue-specific adaptation of human T cells is preserved during tissue inflammation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Lung microbiome predictors of epigenetic aging and potential associations with smoking and electronic cigarette use.Clinical epigenetics · 2026Article
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The healthy lung was long thought of as sterile, but recent advances using molecular sequencing approaches have detected bacteria at low levels. Healthy lung bacteria largely reflect communities present in the upper respiratory tract that enter the lung via microaspiration, which is balanced by mechanical and immune clearance and likely involves limited local replication. The nature and dynamics of the lung microbiome, therefore, differ from those of ecological niches with robust self-sustaining microbial communities. Aberrant populations (dysbiosis) have been demonstrated in many pulmonary diseases not traditionally considered microbial in origin, and potential pathways of microbe-host crosstalk are emerging. The question now is whether and how dysbiotic microbiota contribute to initiation or perpetuation of injury. The fungal microbiome and virome are less well studied. This Review highlights features of the lung microbiome, unique considerations in studying it, examples of dysbiosis in selected disease, emerging concepts in lung microbiome-host interactions, and critical areas for investigation.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.