Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34337610›Full record

ArticleCogSci ... Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society (U.S.). Conference

Adaptive vs. Fixed Spacing of Learning Items: Evidence from Studies of Learning and Transfer in Chemistry Education.

Everett Mettler, Christine M Massey, Amina K El-Ashmawy, Philip J Kellman

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC
In one paragraph

Article in CogSci ... Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Cognitive Science Society (U.S.). Conference. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
0.1field-weighted citation impact, top 40% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 2 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Adaptive training instructional interventions: A meta-analysis.Military psychology : the official journal of the Division of Military Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025
    Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Everett MettlerDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
Christine M MasseyDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
Amina K El-AshmawyDepartment of Chemistry, Collin College, McKinney, TX 75071 USA.
Philip J KellmanDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
University of California, Los Angeles · US

Funding

Perceptual and Adaptive Learning in Cancer Image InterpretationR01CA236791 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI KELLMAN, PHILIP J · 2019 to 2022
$2.0M
Using Perceptual and Adaptive Learning to Advance Chemistry EducationRC1HD063338 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI KELLMAN, PHILIP J · 2009 to 2010
$956k
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA236791NICHD NIH HHS RC1 HD063338
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Spacing presentations of learning items across time improves memory relative to massed schedules of practice - the well-known spacing effect. Spaced practice can be further enhanced by adaptively scheduling the presentation of learning items to deliver customized spacing intervals for individual items and learners. ARTS - Adaptive Response-time-based Sequencing (Mettler, Massey, & Kellman 2016) determines spacing dynamically in relation to each learner's ongoing speed and accuracy in interactive learning trials. We demonstrate the effectiveness of ARTS when applied to chemistry nomenclature in community college chemistry courses by comparing adaptive schedules to fixed schedules consisting of continuously expanding spacing intervals. Adaptive spacing enhanced the efficiency and durability of learning, with learning gains persisting after a two-week delay and generalizing to a standardized assessment of chemistry knowledge after 2-3 months. Two additional experiments confirmed and extended these results in both laboratory and community college settings.

Indexed as

adaptive learningchemistry educationspacing effectSTEM learning

Identifiers

PMID34337610
PMCPMC8324178
OpenAlexW3135896693

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.