ArticleJOR spine2021
A comprehensive tool box for large animal studies of intervertebral disc degeneration.
Article in JOR spine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single-cell multi-omics defines H3K27me3 remodelling in intervertebral disc degeneration with implications for regenerative intervention.Bone research · 2026Article
- Proteomic Atlas of Notochordal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Highlights EV-Specific NF-κB Modulation and Functional Implications of the Protein Corona.Journal of extracellular biology · 2026Article
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- ISSLS Prize in Basic Science 2026: Early markers of mechanical modulation in whole bovine intervertebral discs loaded in a multiaxial bioreactor.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
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- A multifactorial intervertebral disc degeneration model: Integrating inflammation, structural disruption, biomechanical parameters, and neural sensitization.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Article
- Influence of the Intervertebral Disc Microenvironment on Matrix Synthesis and Metabolism in Goat Nucleus Pulposus Cells.JOR spine · 2026Article
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- Chondroitinase Versus Papain Digestion Leads to Different Outcome for In Vitro Simulation of Degenerated Discs.JOR spine · 2026Article
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- Ovine models of intervertebral disc degeneration.Annals of translational medicine · 2025Review
- High-intensity zones in dogs with lumbosacral intervertebral disc degeneration: insights from MRI and histopathological findings.The veterinary quarterly · 2025Article
- The role of nucleus pulposus progenitor cells in intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Review
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- Proteolytic enzyme models as tunable preclinical platforms for investigating intervertebral disc degeneration.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- A novel spine tester TO GO.JOR spine · 2024Article
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- Morphometric, Biomechanical and Histologic Assessment of Physiologic Ovine Cervical Intervertebral Disc: An Experimental Study and Brief Literature Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 9 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Preclinical studies involving large animal models aim to recapitulate the clinical situation as much as possible and bridge the gap from benchtop to bedside. To date, studies investigating intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and regeneration in large animal models have utilized a wide spectrum of methodologies for outcome evaluation. This paper aims to consolidate available knowledge, expertise, and experience in large animal preclinical models of IVD degeneration to create a comprehensive tool box of anatomical and functional outcomes. Herein, we present a Large Animal IVD Scoring Algorithm based on three scales: macroscopic (gross morphology, imaging, and biomechanics), microscopic (histological, biochemical, and biomolecular analyses), and clinical (neurologic state, mobility, and pain). The proposed algorithm encompasses a stepwise evaluation on all three scales, including spinal pain assessment, and relevant structural and functional components of IVD health and disease. This comprehensive tool box was designed for four commonly used preclinical large animal models (dog, pig, goat, and sheep) in order to facilitate standardization and applicability. Furthermore, it is intended to facilitate comparison across studies while discerning relevant differences between species within the context of outcomes with the goal to enhance veterinary clinical relevance as well. Current major challenges in pre-clinical large animal models for IVD regeneration are highlighted and insights into future directions that may improve the understanding of the underlying pathologies are discussed. As such, the IVD research community can deepen its exploration of the molecular, cellular, structural, and biomechanical changes that occur with IVD degeneration and regeneration, paving the path for clinically relevant therapeutic strategies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.