Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34336704›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in oncology2021

Review of Deep Learning Based Automatic Segmentation for Lung Cancer Radiotherapy.

Xi Liu, Kai-Wen Li, Ruijie Yang, Li-Sheng Geng

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
47citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

47 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
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  6. Deep learning [Clinical and translational radiation oncology · 2026
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Insights into radiomics: a comprehensive review for beginners.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025
    Review
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Deep learning for autosegmentation for radiotherapy treatment planning: State-of-the-art and novel perspectives.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2025
    Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. FastSAM-3DSlicer: A 3D-Slicer Extension for 3D Volumetric Segment Anything Model with Uncertainty Quantification.Foundation models for general medical AI : second international workshop, MedAGI 2024, held in conjunction with MICCAI 2024, Marrakesh, Morocco, October 6, 2024, proceedings. MedAGI (Workshop) (2nd : 2024 : Marrakech, Morocco) · 2025
    Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Xi LiuSchool of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
Kai-Wen LiSchool of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
Ruijie YangDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
Li-Sheng GengSchool of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality for males and females. Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the primary treatment modalities for lung cancer. While delivering the prescribed dose to tumor targets, it is essential to spare the tissues near the targets-the so-called organs-at-risk (OARs). An optimal RT planning benefits from the accurate segmentation of the gross tumor volume and surrounding OARs. Manual segmentation is a time-consuming and tedious task for radiation oncologists. Therefore, it is crucial to develop automatic image segmentation to relieve radiation oncologists of the tedious contouring work. Currently, the atlas-based automatic segmentation technique is commonly used in clinical routines. However, this technique depends heavily on the similarity between the atlas and the image segmented. With significant advances made in computer vision, deep learning as a part of artificial intelligence attracts increasing attention in medical image automatic segmentation. In this article, we reviewed deep learning based automatic segmentation techniques related to lung cancer and compared them with the atlas-based automatic segmentation technique. At present, the auto-segmentation of OARs with relatively large volume such as lung and heart etc. outperforms the organs with small volume such as esophagus. The average Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of lung, heart and liver are over 0.9, and the best DSC of spinal cord reaches 0.9. However, the DSC of esophagus ranges between 0.71 and 0.87 with a ragged performance. In terms of the gross tumor volume, the average DSC is below 0.8. Although deep learning based automatic segmentation techniques indicate significant superiority in many aspects compared to manual segmentation, various issues still need to be solved. We discussed the potential issues in deep learning based automatic segmentation including low contrast, dataset size, consensus guidelines, and network design. Clinical limitations and future research directions of deep learning based automatic segmentation were discussed as well.

Indexed as

automatic segmentationdeep learninglung cancerorgans-at-riskradiotherapy

Identifiers

PMID34336704
PMCPMC8323481

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.