Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34336265›Full record

ReviewJournal of ophthalmology2021

OCT Biomarkers in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review.

Cristian Metrangolo, Simone Donati, Marco Mazzola, Liviana Fontanel, Walter Messina, Giulia D'alterio, Marisa Rubino, Paolo Radice, Elias Premi, Claudio Azzolini

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
55citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

55 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  8. A deep learning model for automated identification of age-related macular degeneration atrophy.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026
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  19. SRF and SHRM in nAMD: Retrospective Analysis of Visual Prognosis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Cristian MetrangoloOphthalmology Unit, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1858-2315
Simone DonatiOphthalmology Unit, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6920-7021
Marco MazzolaMultizonal Unit of Ophthalmology of Autonomous Province of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5756-5254
Liviana FontanelDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-8929
Walter MessinaDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5889-2660
Giulia D'alterioOphthalmology Unit, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0045-1728
Marisa RubinoOphthalmology Unit, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7304-4002
Paolo RadiceOphthalmology Unit, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6298-4111
Elias PremiOphthalmology Unit, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-8488
Claudio AzzoliniDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-0974

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness in elderly people. Neovascular AMD (nAMD) is responsible for the majority of cases of severe visual loss in eyes with AMD. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is the most widely used technology for the diagnosis and follow-up of nAMD patients, which is widely used to study and guide the clinical approach, as well as to predict and evaluate treatment response. The aim of this review is to describe and analyze various structural OCT-based biomarkers, which have practical value during both initial assessment and treatment follow-up of nAMD patients. While central retinal thickness has been the most common and one of the first OCT identified biomarkers, today, other qualitative and quantitative biomarkers provide novel insight into disease activity and offer superior prognostic value and better guidance for tailored therapeutic management. The key importance of retinal fluid compartmentalization (intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid, and subretinal pigment epithelium (RPE) fluid) will be discussed firstly. In the second part, the structural alterations of different retinal layers in various stages of the disease (photoreceptors layer integrity, hyperreflective dots, outer retinal tubulations, subretinal hyperreflective material, and retinal pigment epithelial tears) will be analyzed in detail. The last part of the review will focus on how alterations of the vitreoretinal interface (vitreomacular adhesion and traction) and of the choroid (sub-RPE hyperreflective columns, prechoroidal clefts, choroidal caverns, choroidal thickness and choroidal volume, and choroidal vascular index) interact with nAMD progression. OCT technology is evolving very quickly, and new retinal biomarkers are continuously described. This up-to-date review article provides a comprehensive description on how structural OCT-based biomarkers provide a valuable tool to monitor the progression of the disease and the treatment response in nAMD patients. Thus, in this perspective, clinicians will be able to allocate hospital resources in the best possible way and tailor treatment to the individual patient's needs.

Identifiers

PMID34336265
PMCPMC8313359

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.