ArticleJournal of healthcare engineering2021
Disentangling the Association of Hydroxychloroquine Treatment with Mortality in Covid-19 Hospitalized Patients through Hierarchical Clustering.
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In one paragraph
Article in Journal of healthcare engineering, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
0.2field-weighted citation impact, top 46% of its field
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Low dose of hydroxychloroquine is associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality: a multicenter study in China.Frontiers of medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
111 authors at 20 institutions in 2 countries.
Augusto Di CastelnuovoMediterranea Cardiocentro, Napoli, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9767-7998
Alessandro GialluisiDepartment of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
Andrea AntinoriUOC Immunodeficienze Virali, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Nausicaa BerselliSection of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Lorenzo BlandiUniversità di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Marialaura BonaccioDepartment of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
Raffaele BrunoDivision of Infectious Diseases I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
Roberto CaudaFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
Simona CostanzoDepartment of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
Giovanni GuaraldiInfectious Disease Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Lorenzo MenicantiIRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
Marco MennuniUniversity of Eastern Piedmont, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
Ilaria MyHumanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.
Giustino ParrutiDepartment of Infectious Disease, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (AUSL) di Pescara, Pescara, Italy.
Giuseppe PattiUniversity of Eastern Piedmont, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
Stefano PerliniEmergency Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
Francesca SantilliDepartment of Medicine and Aging, Clinica Medica, "SS. Annunziata" Hospital and University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
Carlo SignorelliSchool of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
Giulio StefaniniHumanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.
Alessandra VergoriHIV/AIDS Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro SpallanzaniIRCCS, Roma, Italy.
Walter AgenoDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
Antonella AgodiDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, AOU Policlinico G.Rodolico - San Marco, Catania, Italy.
Piergiuseppe AgostoniCentro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
Luca AielloUOC. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale Ospedale Morgagni-Pierantoni, Forlì, Italy.
Samir Al MoghaziUOC Infezioni Sistemiche Dell'Immunodepresso, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Rosa ArborettiDepartment of Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Filippo AucellaFondazione I.R.C.C.S Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
Greta BarbieriDepartment of Surgical Medical and Molecular Medicine and Critical Care, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana and University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Martina BarchittaDepartment of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
Paolo BonfantiUOC Malattie Infettive, Ospedale San Gerardo, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy.
Francesco CacciatoreDepartment of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy.
Lucia CaianoDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
Francesco CannataHumanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.
Laura CarrozziCardiovascular and Thoracic Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana and University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Antonio CascioInfectious and Tropical Diseases Unit- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) - University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
Giacomo CastiglioneServizio di Anestesia e Rianimazione II UO Rianimazione Ospedale San Marco, AOU Policlinico G. Rodolico, San Marco, Catania, Italy.
Arturo CicculloFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
Antonella CingolaniFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
Francesco CipolloneDepartment of Medicine and Aging, Clinica Medica, "SS. Annunziata" Hospital and University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
Claudia ColombaInfectious and Tropical Diseases Unit- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE) - University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
Crizia ColomboUniversity of Eastern Piedmont, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
Annalisa CrisettiFondazione I.R.C.C.S Casa Sollievo Della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
Francesca CrostaDepartment of Infectious Disease, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (AUSL) di Pescara, Pescara, Italy.
Gian Battista DanziDepartment of Cardiology, Ospedale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy.
Damiano D'ArdesDepartment of Medicine and Aging, Clinica Medica, "SS. Annunziata" Hospital and University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
Katleen de Gaetano DonatiFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
Francesco Di GennaroMedical Direction IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
Giuseppe Di TanoDepartment of Cardiology, Ospedale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy.
Gianpiero D'OffiziUOC Malattie Infettive-Epatologia, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
Francesco Maria FuscoUOC Infezioni Sistemiche e Dell'Immunodepresso, Azienda Ospedaliera Dei Colli Ospedale Cotugno, Napoli, Italy.
Carlo GaudiosiASL Napoli3 Sud COVID HOSPITAL, Boscotrecase, Napoli, Italy.
Ivan GentileDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
Francesco GianfagnaDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
Gabriele GiulianoFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
Emauele GrazianiMedicina Interna, Ospedale di Ravenna, AUSL Della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy.
Gabriella GuarnieriRespiratory Pathophysiology Division, Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Valerio LangellaUOC Medicina COVID- PO S. Maria di Loreto Nuovo, ASL Na 1 Centro, Napoli, Italy.
Giovanni LarizzaCOVID-19 Unit. EE Ospedale Regionale F. Miulli, Acquaviva Delle Fonti, Bari, Italy.
Armando LeoneUOC di Pneumologia P.O. San Giuseppe Moscati, Taranto, Italy.
Gloria MaccagniDepartment of Cardiology, Ospedale di Cremona, Cremona, Italy.
Federica MagniDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
Stefano MaitanUOC. Anestesia e Rianimazione, Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale Ospedale Morgagni-Pierantoni, Forlì, Italy.
Sandro MancarellaASST Milano Nord - Ospedale Edoardo Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy.
Rosa ManueleU.O. C. Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, P.O. "San Marco" AOU Policlinico "G. Rodolico - San Marco", Catania, Italy.
Massimo MapelliCentro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
Riccardo MaragnaCentro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milano, Italy.
Rossella MarcucciDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy.
Giulio MarescaUOC Medicina COVID- PO S. Maria di Loreto Nuovo, ASL Na 1 Centro, Napoli, Italy.
Silvia MarongiuSantissima Trinità di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Claudia MarottaMedical Direction IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.
Lorenzo MarraUOC di Pneumologia P.O. San Giuseppe Moscati, Taranto, Italy.
Franco MastroianniCOVID-19 Unit. EE Ospedale Regionale F. Miulli, Acquaviva Delle Fonti, Bari, Italy.
Alessandro MengozziDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Marianna MeschiariInfectious Disease Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Jovana MilicInfectious Disease Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Filippo MinutoloDipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Roberta MussinelliDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Cristina MussiniInfectious Disease Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Maria MussoUOC Malattie Infettive-Apparato Respiratorio, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Anna OdoneUniversità di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
Marco OlivieriComputer Service, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.
Antonella PalimoddeSantissima Trinità di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
Emanuela PasiMedicina Interna, Ospedale di Ravenna, AUSL Della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy.
Raffaele PesaventoClinica Medica 3. Department of Medicine - DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Francesco PetriUOC Malattie Infettive, Ospedale San Gerardo, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy.
Carlo A PivatoHumanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy.
Venerino PolettiUOC Pneumologia. Dipartimento di Malattie Apparato Respiratorio e Torace, Ospedale Morgagni-Pierantoni Forlì, Forlì, Italy.
Claudia RavagliaUOC Pneumologia. Dipartimento di Malattie Apparato Respiratorio e Torace, Ospedale Morgagni-Pierantoni Forlì, Forlì, Italy.
Giulia RighettiCOVID-19 Unit. EE Ospedale Regionale F. Miulli, Acquaviva Delle Fonti, Bari, Italy.
Andrea RognoniUniversity of Eastern Piedmont, Maggiore Della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy.
Marco RossatoClinica Medica 3. Department of Medicine - DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Ilaria RossiDepartment of Medicine and Aging, Clinica Medica, "SS. Annunziata" Hospital and University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy.
Marianna RossiUOC Malattie Infettive, Ospedale San Gerardo, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy.
Anna SabenaEmergency Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
Francesco SalinaroEmergency Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
Vincenzo SangiovanniUOC Infezioni Sistemiche e Dell'Immunodepresso, Azienda Ospedaliera Dei Colli Ospedale Cotugno, Napoli, Italy.
Carlo SanroccoDepartment of Infectious Disease, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (AUSL) di Pescara, Pescara, Italy.
Nicola Schiano MorielloDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
Laura ScorzoliniUOC Malattie Infettive Ad Alta Intensità di Cura, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
Raffaella SgarigliaASST Milano Nord - Ospedale Edoardo Bassini, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy.
Paola Giustina SimeoneDepartment of Infectious Disease, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (AUSL) di Pescara, Pescara, Italy.
Michele SpinicciDepartment of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy.
Enrica TamburriniFondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
Carlo TortiInfectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Deparment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
Enrico Maria TrecarichiInfectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Deparment of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy.
Roberto VettorClinica Medica 3. Department of Medicine - DIMED, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Andrea VianelloRespiratory Pathophysiology Division, Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
Marco VincetiSection of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Agostino VirdisDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Raffaele De CaterinaCardiovascular and Thoracic Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana and University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Licia IacovielloDepartment of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-0514-5885
Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani · ITUniversity of Modena and Reggio Emilia · ITUniversity of Padua · ITUniversity of Pisa · ITIstituto Neurologico Mediterraneo · ITUniversity of Insubria · ITUniversity of Pavia · ITASL Roma · ITIRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital · ITUniversità degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” · ITUniversity of Chieti-Pescara · ITAgostino Gemelli University Polyclinic · ITAzienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo · ITIstituti Ospitalieri di Cremona · ITOspedale G.B. Morgagni - L.Pierantoni · ITOspedale Generale Regionale Francesco Miulli · ITUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore · ITUniversity of Milan · ITUniversity of Naples Federico II · ITAzienda Ospedaliera S.Giuseppe Moscati · IT
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection is harshly debated, with observational and experimental studies reporting contrasting results. To clarify the role of HCQ in Covid-19 patients, we carried out a retrospective observational study of 4,396 unselected patients hospitalized for Covid-19 in Italy (February-May 2020). Patients' characteristics were collected at entry, including age, sex, obesity, smoking status, blood parameters, history of diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular and chronic pulmonary diseases, and medications in use. These were used to identify subtypes of patients with similar characteristics through hierarchical clustering based on Gower distance. Using multivariable Cox regressions, these clusters were then tested for association with mortality and modification of effect by treatment with HCQ. We identified two clusters, one of 3,913 younger patients with lower circulating inflammation levels and better renal function, and one of 483 generally older and more comorbid subjects, more prevalently men and smokers. The latter group was at increased death risk adjusted by HCQ (HR[CI95%] = 3.80[3.08-4.67]), while HCQ showed an independent inverse association (0.51[0.43-0.61]), as well as a significant influence of cluster∗HCQ interaction (
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COVID-19 Drug TreatmentHospital MortalityAgedAged, 80 and overAntimalarialsCluster AnalysisCOVID-19FemaleHumansHydroxychloroquineItalyMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesSARS-CoV-2Severity of Illness IndexAntimalarialsHydroxychloroquine
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