ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Complement C4, Infections, and Autoimmune Diseases.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review of Mendelian randomization studies on common male-specific diseases.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Proteomics in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.Current pain and headache reports · 2024Pooled it
- A prospective study to compare the efficacy and safety of glucocorticoid-free maintenance therapy versus low-dose glucocorticoid maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis-a pilot, single-center, randomized controlled study.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Trial
- Toxicological evaluation of a synthetic QS-21 adjuvant in a tuberculosis vaccine candidate-Demonstrating safety and immunological equivalence to natural reference.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Review
- Complement Component C4B Prioritization Through Drug‒Target Mendelian Randomization and Proteomic Analysis Reveals a Novel Therapeutic Target for Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- High-Risk CCL14 lineage drives severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: a study in central China.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2026Article
- Circulating extracellular vesicles from early-stage lung cancer patients trigger endothelial activation to drive pre-metastatic niche formation through synergistic miR-29a and C4A signaling.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Article
- Increase in Comforting Behavior (Allogrooming) During Social Interaction in Male Mice Deficient for theBrain sciences · 2026Article
- Research progress on the lectin pathway of complement in IgA nephropathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Structural and Functional Analysis of Porcine CR1-like Proteins in C4b-Mediated Immune Responses.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Development of an intestinal allergy model to evaluate the initial introduction of infant rice cereal.NPJ science of food · 2025Article
- Hepatic steatosis in postmenopausal women is characterized by distinct serum extracellular vesicle proteomic signatures.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema With Plasma-Derived C1 Inhibitor: A Review.Clinical and translational allergy · 2025Review
- Integrative multi-omics analysis deciphers the regulatory mechanisms of egg weight traits in chickens.Poultry science · 2025Article
- Hereditary angioedema: A national investigation of associated comorbidities and surgical procedures.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2025Article
- Divergent roles for complement components C3 and C4 in controllingbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Molecular Dynamics Modeling of Potential Osteoarthritic Biomarkers.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Genetic Loci Associated With Periodontitis: The FinnGen Study Based on National Health Registers.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2025Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Complement C4, a key molecule in the complement system that is one of chief constituents of innate immunity for immediate recognition and elimination of invading microbes, plays an essential role for the functions of both classical (CP) and lectin (LP) complement pathways. Complement C4 is the most polymorphic protein in complement system. A plethora of research data demonstrated that individuals with C4 deficiency are prone to microbial infections and autoimmune disorders. In this review, we will discuss the diversity of complement C4 proteins and its genetic structures. In addition, the current development of the regulation of complement C4 activation and its activation derivatives will be reviewed. Moreover, the review will provide the updates on the molecule interactions of complement C4 under the circumstances of bacterial and viral infections, as well as autoimmune diseases. Lastly, more evidence will be presented to support the paradigm that links microbial infections and autoimmune disorders under the condition of the deficiency of complement C4. We provide such an updated overview that would shed light on current research of complement C4. The newly identified targets of molecular interaction will not only lead to novel hypotheses on the study of complement C4 but also assist to propose new strategies for targeting microbial infections, as well as autoimmune disorders.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.