ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Identification and Validation of Immune Molecular Subtypes in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Implications for Prognosis and Immunotherapy.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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16 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- GSK3βGut · 2026Article
- Inferring Clinically Relevant Molecular Subtypes of Pancreatic Cancer from Routine Histopathology Using Deep Learning.Research square · 2026Article
- Inferring Clinically Relevant Molecular Subtypes of Pancreatic Cancer from Routine Histopathology Using Deep Learning.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Interferon Epsilon Loss Is Elusive 9p21 Link to Immune-Cold Tumors, Resistant to Immune Checkpoint Therapy, and Endogenous CXCL9/10 Induction.Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer · 2025Review
- KRAS Loss of Heterozygosity Promotes MAPK-Dependent Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Initiation and Induces Therapeutic Sensitivity to MEK Inhibition.Cancer research · 2025Article
- Peri-tumoural lymphocyte neighbourhoods predict longer survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Cellular collusion: cracking the code of immunosuppression and chemo resistance in PDAC.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- An Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Identifying Immune Subtypes of Pancreatic Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Inhibition of FGFR3 upregulates MHC-I and PD-L1 via TLR3/NF-kB pathway in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- A novel cuproptosis-related gene model predicts outcomes and treatment responses in pancreatic adenocarcinoma.BMC cancer · 2023Article
- Real-world implications of nonbiological factors with staging, clinical management, and prognostic prediction in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Application of non-negative matrix factorization in oncology: one approach for establishing precision medicine.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2022Review
- Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Cervix: An Integrated Analysis of Case Reports and Series.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains treatment refractory. Immunotherapy has achieved success in the treatment of multiple malignancies. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy in PDAC is limited by a lack of promising biomarkers. In this research, we aimed to identify robust immune molecular subtypes of PDAC to facilitate prognosis prediction and patient selection for immunotherapy. Methods: A training cohort of 149 PDAC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with mRNA expression data was analyzed. By means of non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), we virtually dissected the immune-related signals from bulk gene expression data. Detailed immunogenomic and survival analyses of the immune molecular subtypes were conducted to determine their biological and clinical relevance. Validation was performed in five independent datasets on a total of 615 samples. Results: Approximately 31% of PDAC samples (46/149) had higher immune cell infiltration, more active immune cytolytic activity, higher activation of the interferon pathway, a higher tumor mutational burden (TMB), and fewer copy number alterations (CNAs) than the other samples (all P < 0.001). This new molecular subtype was named Immune Class, which served as an independent favorable prognostic factor for overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.97). Immune Class in cooperation with previously reported tumor and stroma classifications had a cumulative effect on PDAC prognostic stratification. Moreover, programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors showed potential efficacy for Immune Class (P = 0.04). The robustness of our immune molecular subtypes was further verified in the validation cohort. Conclusions: By capturing immune-related signals in the PDAC tumor microenvironment, we reveal a novel molecular subtype, Immune Class. Immune Class serves as an independent favorable prognostic factor for overall survival in PDAC patients.
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