ReviewDrug discovery today2021
Intranasal vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: From challenges to potential in COVID-19 management.
Review in Drug discovery today, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06142279 (Development and Qualification of Methods for Analyzing the Mucosal Immune Response to COVID-19), which is not on this map. Cited by 110 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Development and Qualification of Methods for Analyzing the Mucosal Immune Response to COVID-19
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 218 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Newly Emerged Antiviral Strategies for SARS-CoV-2: From Deciphering Viral Protein Structural Function to the Development of Vaccines, Antibodies, and Small Molecules.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- A dimeric mRNA vaccine based on key-mutant and KP.3 RBDs induces broad-spectrum immunity and protects mice against JN.1 and XDV challenges.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Intranasal boosting enhances genital tract T cell immunity following ChAdOx1/MVA hrHPV therapeutic vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Intranasal vaccine combining adenovirus and trimeric subunit protein provides superior immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Platforms: From Barrier Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Immunogenicity and efficacy of homologous and heterologous NDV and MVA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in mice and hamsters.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- In Vivo Iterative Adjuvant Screening Identifies an Intranasal Vaccine Formulation for Elicitation of Protective Mucosal Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Deep learning in next-generation vaccine development for infectious diseases.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Article
- Article
- Advanced Artificial Intelligence Technologies Transforming Contemporary Pharmaceutical Research.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Nasal Spray Disinfectant for Respiratory Infections Based on Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles: A Physicochemical and Docking Approach.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Evaluating the Immunogenicity of an Intranasal Microparticle Combination Vaccine for COVID-19 and Influenza.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Muco-Penetrating Lipid Nanoparticles Having a Liquid Core for Enhanced Intranasal mRNA Delivery.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Revolutionizing mRNA Vaccines Through Innovative Formulation and Delivery Strategies.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Cyclodextrins and their potential applications for delivering vitamins, iron, and iodine for improving micronutrient status.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Mannose and Lactobionic Acid in Nasal Vaccination: Enhancing Antigen Delivery via C-Type Lectin Receptors.Pharmaceutics · 2024Review
- Influenza virus strains expressing SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain protein confer immunity in K18-hACE2 mice.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Unlike conventional Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, intranasal vaccines display a superior advantage because the nasal mucosa is often the initial site of infection. Preclinical and clinical studies concerning intranasal immunization elicit high neutralizing antibody generation and mucosal IgA and T cell responses that avoid severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in both; the upper and lower respiratory tract. A nasal formulation is non-invasive with high appeal to patients. Intranasal vaccines enable self-administration and can be designed to survive at ambient temperatures, thereby simplifying logistical aspects of transport and storage. In this review, we provide an overview of nasal vaccines with a focus on formulation development as well as ongoing preclinical and clinical studies for SARS-CoV-2 intranasal vaccine products.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.