Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34330024›Full record

ArticleJournal of psychiatric research2021

COVID-19 related moral injury: Associations with pandemic-related perceived threat and risky and protective behaviors.

A J Khan, K Nishimi, P Tripp, D Maven, A Jiha, E Woodward, S Inslicht, A Richards, T C Neylan, S Maguen and 1 more

Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of psychiatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed
1.5field-weighted citation impact, top 16% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Moral Injury and COVID-Related Stress Among Post-9/11 Veterans: Examining Longitudinal Associations.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

A J KhanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: amanda.khan@ucsf.edu.
K NishimiDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
P TrippSan Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
D MavenSan Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
A JihaSan Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
E WoodwardDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
S InslichtDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
A RichardsDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
T C NeylanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
S MaguenDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
A O'DonovanDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: aoife.odonovan@ucsf.edu.
University of California, San Francisco · US

Funding

TRAINING THE NEXT GENERATION OF MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCHERSR25MH060482 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI DANIEL H MATHALON, Susan M. Voglmaier · 2000 to 2026
$5.2M
Effects of inflammation on neural mechanisms of threat sensitivity in posttraumatic stress disorderK01MH109871 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI O'DONOVAN, AOIFE · 2016 to 2019
$737k
NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH109871NIMH NIH HHS R25 MH060482
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is associated with increased potential for morally injurious events, during which individuals may experience, witness, or learn about situations that violate deeply held moral beliefs. However, it is unknown how pandemic risk and resilience factors are associated with COVID-related moral injury.

methodsIndividuals residing in the U.S. (N = 839; M

resultsParticipants endorsed MI betrayal (57%, N = 482), transgression by other (59%, N = 497), and by self 17% (N = 145). Adjusting for sociodemographics, only future threat of COVID-19 to health was significantly associated with betrayal (B = 0.21, p = .001) and transgression by other (B = 0.16, p = .01), but not by self. In contrast, high frequency of risky behaviors was associated with transgressions by self (B = 0.23, p < .001). Sensitivity analyses showed PTSD did not moderate the observed effects.

conclusionsBetrayal and transgression by others was associated with greater perceived future threat of COVID-19 to health, but not financial or social domains. Stronger endorsement of transgression by self was associated with more frequently engaging in risky behaviors for contracting COVID-19. These findings may suggest the need for individual, community, and system level interventions to address COVID-19 related moral injury.

Indexed as

COVID-19Stress Disorders, Post-TraumaticAdultFemaleHumansMalePandemicsSARS-CoV-2Surveys and QuestionnairesCoronavirusMoral injuryPandemicPerceived threatRisky behaviors

Identifiers

PMID34330024
PMCPMC9749911
OpenAlexW3186728069

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.